Toman, MichaelStrand, Jon2014-09-022014-09-022010-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19956This paper discusses short-run and long-run effects of "green stimulus" efforts, and compares these effects with "non-green" fiscal stimuli. Green stimulus is defined here as short-run fiscal stimuli that also serve a "green" or environmental purpose in a situation of "crisis" characterized by temporary under-employment. A number of recently enacted national stimulus packages contain sizeable "green" components. The authors categorize effects according to their a) short-run employment effects, b) long-run growth effects, c) effects on carbon emissions, and d) "co-benefit" effects (on the environment, natural resources, and for other externalities). The most beneficial "green" programs in times of crisis are those that can stimulate employment in the short run, and lead to large "learning curve" effects via lower production costs in the longer term. The overall assessment is that most "green stimulus" programs that have large short-run employment and environmental effects are likely to have less significant positive effects for long-run growth, and vice versa, implying a trade-off in many cases between short-run and long-run impacts. There are also trade-offs for employment generation in that programs that yield larger (smaller) employment effects tend to lead to more employment gains for largely lower-skilled (higher-skilled) workers, so that the long-term growth effects are relatively small (large). Ultimately, the results reinforce the point that different instruments are needed for addressing different problems.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSORPTIONACCESS TO ELECTRICITYAGGREGATE DEMANDAIRAIR POLLUTIONALTERNATIVE POLICIESAVAILABILITYBALANCEBARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENCYBIO-ENERGYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATIONBIOLOGICAL SPECIESBIOMASSBIOMASS PROCESSINGBIOMASS PRODUCTIONBOTTOM LINECAPITAL COSTCAPITAL SERVICESCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCHANGES IN PRICESCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN ENERGY INDUSTRYCLEAN WATERCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE POLICYCOCO2COALCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCONVENTIONAL ENERGYCOST EFFECTIVENESSCOST OF ENERGYCOST SAVINGSDEBTDEBT BURDENDEFORESTATIONDEMAND MANAGEMENTDEVELOPED COUNTRIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC EFFECTSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC IMPACTSECONOMIC RECOVERYECONOMIC RESILIENCEECONOMIC RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGEECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITYECONOMIC THEORYECONOMIC VALUEECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEEFFECTIVE DEMANDELECTRIC POWERELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONEMISSIONEMISSION GROWTHEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COSTSENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY EXPENDITUREENERGY OUTLOOKENERGY PRICEENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USEENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUPENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONENVIRONMENTAL TAXESEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONEXTERNALITIESFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL SUPPORTFISCAL POLICIESFORESTFOREST COVERFOREST EXTRACTIONFOREST RESTORATIONFORESTRYFORESTSFOSSILFOSSIL ENERGYFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL PRICESFUEL USEGASESGHGGHGSGLOBAL RECESSIONGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGREEN ENERGYGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATIONGRID EXPANSIONHEATHIGHER ENERGY PRICESHYDRO POWERHYDROPOWERIMPACTS ON EMISSIONSIMPORTSIMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCYINCOMEINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTJOBSLABOR COSTSLABOR FORCELABOR PRODUCTIVITYLAND USELANDFILLLEVELS OF EMISSIONSLOGGINGLOW-CARBONMARKET BARRIERSMARKET FAILURESMARKET PRICESMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMOTOR FUELNATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTSOILPOLICY ENVIRONMENTPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPOWERPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GRIDPOWER GRIDSPOWER PLANTSPOWER PRODUCERSPPPRODUCERSPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITYPRODUCTION PROCESSESPUBLIC EXPENDITURESR&D FUNDINGRAINRECYCLINGRENEWABLE ELECTRICITYRENEWABLE ENERGIESRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY POLICYRENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTIONRENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTSRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCERENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRENEWABLE PRODUCTIONRENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONSHADOW PRICESSOLAR ELECTRICITYSPILLOVER EFFECTSSUBSISTENCE FARMERSSUBSTITUTIONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYSUSTAINABLE WATERTARIFF STRUCTURETAX CREDITTAX INCENTIVESTERMS OF TRADETHERMAL EFFICIENCYTIMBERTIMBER PRICESTRADEOFFSTRANSPORT SECTORTURBINE MANUFACTURERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNEPUTILITIESVEHICLESWAGE RATESWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER TREATMENTWINDWIND ENERGYWIND POWERWIND SECTORWIND TURBINE10.1596/1813-9450-5163