Krishnan, SuneetaMadson, EmilyPorterfield, DeborahVarghese, Beena2014-04-162014-04-162013-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17850Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in India, accounting for 17 percent of all cancer deaths among women age 30 to 69 years. At current incidence rates, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the annual burden of new cases in India will increase to nearly 225,000 by 2025. Despite the considerable burden of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in India, there are few large-scale, organized cervical cancer prevention programs in the country. We reviewed the research literature and conducted interviews with individuals engaged in research and public health program implementation to identify important elements of cervical cancer prevention efforts in India and implementation issues that merit further investigation. Although primary prevention through HPV vaccination has been endorsed by WHO, under certain conditions, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), its cost, partial efficacy and safety have been intensely debated in India. Further research and advocacy efforts are needed to determine the optimal strategies for its introduction and sustained use in the country. However, there is considerable research and programmatic evidence in support of secondary prevention of cervical cancer through screening and treatment. Regardless of screening approach, research and prevention programs have underscored the importance of ensuring strong linkages between screening, diagnosis, and treatment services for program and cost effectiveness. Available evidence also emphasizes that programs that are 'women-centered,' or actively respond to women's concerns and constraints are likely to be the most successful. In conclusion, research and prevention program experiences provide a strong rationale for investments in cervical cancer prevention in India.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABILITY TO PAYABNORMALITIESACCESS TO CAREACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESACCESS TO TREATMENTADOLESCENCEADOLESCENT GIRLSADOLESCENT HEALTHADULTHOODADVOCACY EFFORTSAIDS RESEARCHALLERGIC REACTIONSBIOPSYBLINDCANCER PREVENTION AND CONTROLCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASECAREGIVERSCERVICAL CANCERCERVICAL CANCER SCREENINGCERVICAL CANCERSCHRONIC CONDITIONSCHRONIC DISEASESCLINICAL OUTCOMESCLINICSCOMMUNICABLE DISEASECOMMUNITY EDUCATIONCOMMUNITY HEALTHCONTRACEPTIONCOST EFFECTIVENESSCOUNSELINGCOUNSELORSCRYOTHERAPYCYTOLOGYDEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIABETESDIAGNOSISDISABILITYDISEASE PREVALENCEDISEASE PREVENTIONDNADOCTORSDRUGSDYINGEARLY DETECTIONEARLY MARRIAGEEDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIESEPIDEMIOLOGYEQUITABLE ACCESSEXPENDITURESFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY SUPPORTFEMALEFEMALESFERTILITYGENITAL WARTSGLOBAL HEALTHGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSGOVERNMENT HEALTH WORKERSGOVERNMENT PROGRAMSGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHEALTH ACTIVISTSHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE ACCESSHEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTUREHEALTH CARE PROVIDERHEALTH CARE PROVIDERSHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CARE WORKERSHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH EXPENDITUREHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INFORMATIONHEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMHEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMSHEALTH POLICYHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH RESEARCHHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SPECIALISTHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEMSHIGH FERTILITYHIVHOSPITALHOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIESHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESHUSBANDSHYPERTENSIONILLNESSILLNESSESIMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNIZATIONINCLUSION OF WOMENINFECTIONINFLAMMATIONINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMSINFORMED CONSENTINFORMED DECISIONSINJURYINPATIENT CAREINSURANCEINSURANCE SCHEMESINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONINTERVENTIONLACK OF AWARENESSLIFETIME RISKMEDICAL CAREMEDICAL ETHICSMEDICAL EXPENSESMEDICAL OFFICERSMEDICAL RESEARCHMEDICINEMEDICINESMIDWIFEMIDWIVESMIGRATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMINORITYMORBIDITYMORBIDITY AND MORTALITYMORTALITYMORTALITY RATENATIONAL AIDSNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNCDNONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASESNUMBER OF DEATHSNUMBER OF WOMENNURSENURSESNUTRITIONOLDER WOMENPAP SMEARPATHOLOGYPATIENTPATIENTSPHYSICIANSPILOT PROJECTSPOLITICAL SUPPORTPOPULATION DISCUSSIONPREMATURE DEATHPREVALENCEPREVENTION EFFORTSPREVENTION STRATEGIESPRIMARY CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRODUCTIVE YEARSPROGNOSISPROGRESSPUBERTYPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALSPUBLIC HEALTH SERVICESQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY IMPROVEMENTQUALITY OF CARERANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALSREAGENTSREPRODUCTIVE AGEREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE TRACTREPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONSRESEARCH EFFORTSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE CONSTRAINTSRURAL AREASSANITATIONSCREENINGSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVISIONSEXUAL ACTIVITYSEXUAL HEALTHSEXUALLY ACTIVESEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESSOCIAL NORMSSPECIALISTSTATE GOVERNMENTSSURGERYSURVIVAL RATESYMPTOMSSYRINGESTERTIARY LEVELSTRANSPORTATIONTREATMENTTREATMENT SERVICESVACCINATIONVACCINATION PROGRAMVACCINATION PROGRAMSVACCINEVACCINE DELIVERYVACCINE SAFETYVACCINESVIRUSWOMANWOMEN'S HEALTHWORKERSWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG AGEYOUNG MENYOUNG WOMEN10.1596/17850