Bowen, Alex2012-03-192012-03-192012-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3277The term 'green jobs' can refer to employment in a narrowly defined set of industries providing environmental services. But it is more useful for the policy-maker to focus on the broader issue of the employment consequences of policies to correct environmental externalities such as anthropogenic climate change. Most of the literature focuses on direct employment created, with more cursory treatment of indirect and induced job creation, especially that arising from macroeconomic effects of policies. The potential adverse impacts of green growth policies on labor productivity and the costs of employment tend to be overlooked. More attention also needs to be paid in this literature to how labor markets work in different types of economy. There may be wedges between the shadow wage and the actual wage, particularly in developing countries with segmented labor markets and after adverse aggregate demand shocks, warranting a bigger and longer-lasting boost to green projects with high labor content. In these circumstances, the transition to green growth and job creation can go hand in hand. But there are challenges, especially for countries that have built their industrial development strategies around cheap carbon-based energy. Induced structural change, green or otherwise, should be accompanied by active labor market policies.CC BY 3.0 IGOACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIESADJUSTMENT COSTSADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSAFFORESTATIONAGGREGATE DEMANDAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITYAGGREGATE SUPPLYAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION CONTROLALLOWANCEALTERNATIVE ENERGYATMOSPHEREBENEFIT ANALYSISBIOMASSBUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIOBUSINESS CYCLEBUSINESS CYCLESCAPITAL FORMATIONCARBONCARBON CONTENTCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATIONCARBON ECONOMYCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON ENERGYCARBON PRICECARBON SOURCESCARBON TAXCARBON TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICSCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE POLICYCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCOCO2COALCOMMODITY TRADECOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVE MARKETSCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECONVERGENCECREATING JOBSCROWDING OUTDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDIRECT JOB CREATIONDISEQUILIBRIUMDISPLACED LABORDISPLACEMENTDOUBLE DIVIDENDDOUBLE DIVIDEND HYPOTHESISECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DYNAMICSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONEMISSIONEMISSION ABATEMENTEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTIONEMISSIONS INTENSITYEMPIRICAL STUDIESEMPLOYMENT EFFECTEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEEEMPLOYMENT IMPACTSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY POLICYENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY SOURCESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL GOODSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RISKENVIRONMENTAL TAXATIONENVIRONMENTAL TAXESEQUILIBRIUMEXTERNALITIESFERTILIZERSFORESTFOREST COVERFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST RESTORATIONFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENTGENERATION CAPACITYGHGGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHEAVY INDUSTRYHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHUMAN CAPITALINCOME SUPPORTINFORMAL ECONOMYINFORMAL SECTORINVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENTJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB DISPLACEMENTJOB GENERATIONJOB LOSSESJOB SEARCHJOB SECURITYJOBSJOBS CREATIONLABOR DEMANDLABOR ECONOMICSLABOR FORCELABOR INPUTSLABOR INTENSITYLABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENTLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKETSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLABOUR DEMANDLABOUR MARKETLABOUR SUPPLYLAND USELOW-CARBONMARGINAL PRODUCTMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET PRICESMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMULTIPLIER EFFECTMULTIPLIERSNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESOCCUPATIONSOILOPPORTUNITY COSTSPAID WORKERSPAYROLL TAXPAYROLL TAXESPESTICIDESPHOTOVOLTAICSPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLLUTIONPPPREVIOUS SECTIONPRICE CHANGESPRICE POLICIESPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTORSPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC WORKSREAL WAGERENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USERETROFITTINGREVENUE RECYCLINGRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL WORKERSSHADOW PRICESSKILL REQUIREMENTSSKILL SHORTAGESSKILLED WORKERSSOLAR POWERSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSTRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENTSUPPLY CURVESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE GROWTHTAX REVENUETECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESSTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL UNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEPUNSKILLED JOBSUNSKILLED LABORVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE ADJUSTMENTWAGE GAPWAGE GROWTHWAGE RATESWAGE RIGIDITYWAGESWASTE MANAGEMENTWINDWIND POWERWORKERWORKERSWORKING CONDITIONSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5990