Cho, YoonyoungNewhouse, David2012-03-192012-03-192011-04-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3401This paper examines how different types of workers in 17 middle-income countries were affected by labor market retrenchment during the great recession. Impacts on different types of workers varied by country and were only weakly related to the severity of the shock. Among active workers, youth experienced by far the largest adverse impacts on employment, unemployment, and wage employment, particularly relative to older adults. The percentage employment reductions, for example, were greatest for youth in each sector of the economy, as firms reacted to the shock by substituting away from inexperienced workers. Employment rates, as a share of the population, also plummeted for men. Larger drops in male employment were primarily attributable to men's higher initial rate of employment, although men's concentration in the hard-hit industrial sector also played an important role. Within each sector, percentage employment declines were similar for men and women. Added worker effects among women were mild, even among less-educated workers. Differences in labor market outcomes across education groups and urban or rural residence tended to be smaller. These findings bolster the case for targeted support to displaced youth and wage employees. Programs targeted to female and unskilled workers should be undertaken with appropriate caution or empirical support from timely data, as they may not benefit the majority of affected workers.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADULT WORKERSAFFECTED WORKERSAGE GROUPAGGREGATE LABOR MARKET INDICATORSAVERAGE WAGESBANKINGCAPITAL INVESTMENTCOLLECTIVE DISMISSALSCRISESCULTURAL CHANGEDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDISCUSSIONSDISPLACED WORKERSDISSEMINATIONEARNINGEARNINGS LOSSESECONOMIC CRISESECONOMIC DOWNTURNSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SHOCKSECONOMIC SLOWDOWNEDUCATED GROUPSEDUCATED MENEDUCATED WOMENEDUCATION DISPARITIESEFFECTSEMPLOYEEEMPLOYEESEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATEEMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATESEMPLOYMENT LEVELEMPLOYMENT LEVELSEMPLOYMENT OF WOMENEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT PATTERNSEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT SHAREEMPLOYMENT STATUSEMPLOYMENT TRENDSEXOGENOUS SHOCKSFALLSFEMALE EMPLOYMENTFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFINANCEFIRING COSTSFIRM LEVELGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER DISPARITYGENDER GAPGENDER PERSPECTIVESHIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONHOURS OF WORKHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINEXPERIENCED WORKERSINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINFORMED DECISIONSINTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATIONJOBJOB LOSSJOB LOSSESJOB SEARCHJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOB STATUSJOBSKNOWLEDGELABORLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENTLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITYLABOR MARKET INDICATORLABOR MARKET INFORMATIONLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMELABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET PERFORMANCELABOR MARKET POLICYLABOR MARKET REGULATIONSLABOR MARKET RIGIDITYLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLABOUR MARKETLABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOUR MARKET PERFORMANCELABOUR MARKETSLAYOFFSLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIVING STANDARDSMANAGEMENTMIGRANTMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRATIONMINIMUM WAGESMONITORINGOCCUPATIONOLDER ADULTSOLDER WOMENOLDER WORKERSORGANIZATIONSPAYING JOBSPOLICIESPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLICY RESPONSEPOPULATIONPOPULATION TRENDSPRELIMINARY EVIDENCEPREVIOUS SECTIONPREVIOUS STUDIESPROFITREAL INCOMEREAL WAGESREMITTANCESRESPECTRIGID LABOR MARKETSRISKRURAL AREASRURAL RESIDENCERURAL RESIDENTSRURAL WOMENRURAL WORKERSSAFETYSAFETY NETSALARIED EMPLOYMENTSALARIED WORKERSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESECONDARY EDUCATIONSECURITYSELF EMPLOYEDSELF EMPLOYMENTSERVICE SECTORSEVERANCE PAYSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSTATUS OF WOMENTHEORYTRAININGTRANSFERSUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED WORKERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT INCREASEUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEUNEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIONSUNPAID FAMILY WORKERSUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN AREASURBAN WOMENURBAN WORKERSVALUEVULNERABILITYVULNERABLE GROUPSWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE FLEXIBILITYWAGE GROWTHWAGE RATEWAGE RATESWAGE RIGIDITYWAGE SUBSIDIESWAGE SUBSIDYWAGE SUBSIDY PROGRAMWOMEN IN LABOURWORKWORK IN PROGRESSWORK PATTERNSWORKERWORKERSWORKFORCEWORKINGWORKING POORWORKING WOMENWORKPLACEWORKSYOUNG MENYOUNG WORKERSYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5636