Álvarez, JesúsGarcía Moreno, VicentePatrinos, Harry Anthony2012-06-072012-06-072007-07https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7475This paper uses the OECD's Program for International Student Assessment student-level achievement database for Mexico to estimate state education production functions, controlling for student characteristics, family background, home inputs, resources, and institutions. The authors take advantage of the state-level variation and representative sample to analyze the impact of institutional factors such as state accountability systems and the role of teachers' unions in student achievement. They argue that accountability, through increased use of state assessments, will improve learning outcomes. The authors also cast light on the role of teachers' unions, namely their strength through appointments to the school and relations with state governments. The analysis shows the importance of good relations between states and unions. Furthermore, it demonstrates that accountability systems are cost-effective measures for improving outcomes.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC IMPROVEMENTACHIEVEMENT TESTSASSESSMENT MATERIALSBASIC EDUCATIONBETTER LEARNINGCALLCLASSROOMCOGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENTCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOMPULSORY SCHOOLINGCOMPUTER AT HOMECURRICULUMDECENTRALIZATION OF EDUCATIONDECISION MAKINGDEMOCRATIZATIONDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION DECENTRALIZATIONEDUCATION ECONOMICSEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATIONEDUCATIONAL EVALUATIONEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEDUCATIONAL RESOURCESEMPLOYMENTEVALUATION OF EDUCATIONEXAMSGIRLSGIRLS IN SCHOOLGROUPS OF LEARNERSHOMEWORKHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENTINTERVENTIONSLABOR FORCELATIN AMERICANLEARNINGLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING STRATEGIESLOWER SECONDARYMASS MEDIAMATH ACHIEVEMENTMATH SCORESMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL ASSESSMENTSPAPERSPERFORMANCE OF SCHOOLSPOLITICS OF EDUCATIONPOOR PEOPLEPRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE SCHOOLPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERSPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUPIL SPENDINGQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY SCHOOLSREADINGREPORT CARDSRESEARCHERSRURAL SCHOOLSCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTSCHOOL ACTIVITIESSCHOOL AUTONOMYSCHOOL BUILDINGSCHOOL CLIMATESCHOOL FACTORSSCHOOL INDICATORSSCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL MANAGEMENTSCHOOL PERFORMANCESCHOOL POLICIESSCHOOL PROGRAMSCHOOL SYSTEMSSCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE STUDYSCIENTIFIC LITERACYSTATE EDUCATIONSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSSTUDENT CHARACTERISTICSSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMESSTUDENT OUTCOMESSTUDENT PERFORMANCESTUDENT POPULATIONSTUDENT TESTINGSTUDENT-TEACHER RATIOSUBJECTSTEACHERTEACHER ABSENTEEISMTEACHER INCENTIVESTEACHER MORALETEACHER SELECTIONTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING METHODSTEACHING STAFFTEST SCORESTEXTBOOKTRAINING NEEDSURBAN SCHOOLWORKERSYOUNG PEOPLEWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4286