Sabarwal, ShwetlenaTerrell, Katherine2012-05-312012-05-312008-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6783Using 2005 firm level data for 26 countries in Eastern and Central Europe, this paper estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned businesses, while controlling for location by industry and country. The findings show that female entrepreneurs have a significantly smaller scale of operations (as measured by sales revenues) and are less efficient in terms of total factor productivity, although the difference is small. However, women entrepreneurs generate the same amount of profit per unit of revenue as men. Although both male and female entrepreneurs in the region are sub-optimally small, women's returns to scale are significantly larger than men's, implying that women would gain more from increasing their scale. The authors argue that the main reasons for the sub-optimal size of female-owned firms are that they are both capital constrained and concentrated in industries with small firms.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CAPITALACCESS TO FINANCEACCESS TO FINANCINGACCESS TO FUNDSACCESS TO LOANSADVOCACYATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMENAVERAGE PAYBANK FINANCINGBANK LOANBANK LOAN OFFICERSBANK LOANSBANKING SECTORBANKSBARRIERS TO WOMENBORROWINGBUSINESS CREDITBUSINESS CREDIT MARKETBUSINESS LOANBUSINESS LOAN APPLICATIONSBUSINESS MANAGEMENTBUSINESS OPERATIONBUSINESS OWNERSHIPBUSINESS SCHOOLBUSINESS SUCCESSBUSINESS SURVIVALCALCULATIONCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCAPITAL STOCKCAPITALIZATIONCENTRAL ASIANCHILD CARECOLLATERALCOLLATERAL REQUIREMENTSCOMMERCIAL BORROWINGCONTRIBUTIONCOST OF CAPITALCOST OF LOANSCREDIT CARDSCREDIT MARKETCREDIT WORTHINESSCREDIT-WORTHINESSDENIAL RATESDISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENEARNINGSEARNINGS EQUITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC MANAGEMENTEMPLOYMENT GROWTHENROLLMENTENTREPRENEURENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITYENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIESEQUITY FINANCINGEUEXPENDITUREEXTERNAL FINANCEEXTERNAL FUNDSFEDERAL RESERVEFEMALEFEMALE ACCESSFEMALE BUSINESSFEMALE ENTREPRENEURFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIPFEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSFEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSESFEMALESFEMINISTFINANCIAL CAPITALFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL DECISIONSFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL SERVICESFIXED ASSETSFOREIGN BANKSGENDERGENDER DIFFERENCEGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER DISCRIMINATION IN BANKGENDER EQUALITYGENDER GAPGENDER GAPSGROWTH OPPORTUNITIESHOMEHOME EQUITYHOME OWNERSHIPHUMAN CAPITALINCOMEINPUT PRICESINTEREST RATEINTEREST RATESINTERNAL FINANCINGINTERNATIONAL BANKINVESTMENT CAPITALINVESTMENT CLIMATELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET LEGISLATIONLACK OF ACCESSLARGE FIRMLENDERSLINE OF CREDITLOANLOAN APPLICATIONSLOAN APPROVALSLOAN DECISIONSLOANS TO GROUPSLOWER INCOMESLOWER INTEREST RATEMICRO-ENTERPRISEMICRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENTMONEY LENDERSNET WORTHNEW BUSINESSOPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIPPERMANENT EMPLOYEESPERSONAL WEALTHPROBABILITYPRODUCTIVITYPROFITABILITYRATE OF INTERESTRATES OF RETURNREGRESSION ANALYSISRETAINED EARNINGSRETURN ON EQUITYRISK AVERSIONSALARYSALESALESSALES GROWTHSALES REVENUESALES REVENUESSECONDARY EDUCATIONSELF-EMPLOYMENTSELF-EMPLOYMENT EARNINGSSEXSHARE OF PROFITSSMALL BUSINESSSMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONSMALL BUSINESS FINANCESSMALL BUSINESS LOANSMALL BUSINESS OWNERSSMALL BUSINESSESSMALL ENTERPRISESSMALL-BUSINESSSMALLER FIRMSMALLER FIRMSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL DIFFERENCESSOURCES OF FINANCESTART UP CAPITALSTART-UPSTART-UP CAPITALSTATE OWNED BANKSSTDSTOCK MARKETSSUPPLY OF FINANCETAX LEGISLATIONTERMS OF LOANSTRADE CREDITTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPORTTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOUNIONWAGEWAGE GAPWAGE RATESWILLWOMANWOMEN BUSINESS OWNERSWOMEN ENTREPRENEURSWOMEN OWNERSWORKING CAPITALWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4705