Gibson, JohnMcKenzie, DavidRohorua, Halahingano2012-05-312012-05-312008-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6786Temporary migration programs for unskilled workers are increasingly being proposed as a way to both relieve labor shortages in developed countries and aid development in sending countries without entailing many of the costs associated with permanent migration. New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer program is designed to enable unskilled workers from the Pacific Islands to work in horticulture and viticulture in New Zealand for a period of up to seven months. However, the development impact on a sending country will depend not only on how many workers participate, but also on who participates. This paper uses new survey data from Tonga to examine the process of selecting workers for the Recognized Seasonal Employer program, and to analyze how pro-poor the recruitment process has been to date. The findings show that recruited workers come from largely agricultural backgrounds, and have lower average incomes and schooling levels than Tongans not participating in the program. Comparing the characteristics of program workers with those of Tongans applying to permanently migrate to New Zealand through the Pacific Access Category, the program workers are more rural and less educated. The program therefore seems to have succeeded in creating new opportunities for relatively poor and unskilled Tongans to work in New Zealand.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGE GROUPAGRICULTURAL INCOMEAGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENTAPPLICATION PROCESSATMATM CARDAWARENESS CAMPAIGNBANK ACCOUNTBUDGETINGCHURCH MEETINGSCOMMUNITY LEADERSCOMMUNITY SURVEYCONTRACTORDEPOSITEARNINGEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION LEVELSEMPLOYEEEMPLOYEREMPLOYERSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEQUALITYEXPENDITUREFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERFAMILY MEMBERSFEMALE PARTICIPATIONFINANCIAL HARDSHIPFINANCIAL NEEDGENDERHOURS OF WORKHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLDSINCOME LEVELINCOMESINFLATIONINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONJOB OFFERJOBSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR SHORTAGESLABOURLITERACYLOCAL NEWSPAPERSLOW INCOMEMIGRANT WORKERSMINIMUM WAGEPACIFIC ISLANDSPERMANENT RESIDENCEPHONE PENETRATIONPREVIOUS WAGEPRIVATE SECTORRAPID GROWTHREMITTANCESRURAL WORKERSSALESSEASONAL WORKERSSKILLED INDIVIDUALSSMALL BUSINESSSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIESTEMPORARY WORKTOTAL COSTUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN WORKERSVILLAGEVILLAGESWAGE SECTORWAGESWORK IN PROGRESSWORK PROGRAMWORKERWORKINGWORKING AGEWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4698