International Finance Corporation2015-08-182015-08-182014https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22477The report analyzes barriers to and opportunities for private sector participation in district heating (DH) in the Western Balkan countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, and Serbia, as well as in Mongolia and Ukraine. Specifically, the report analyzes the legal and regulatory frameworks for public-private partnerships (PPP) and for DH in each of the countries,including an overview of the primary and secondary legislation, PPP preparation and approval processes, institutional setup of the DH sector, heat tariff-setting procedures, etc. In addition, the report describes international best practice for various business models for private sector participation in DH and provides country-specific recommendations to improve the attractiveness of PPP in the DH sector. Finally, the report provides an estimation of the investment needs in the DH sector by country and indicates selected investment projects, which are conservatively assessed at 1.5 billion dollars.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOEMPLOYMENTPOWER GRIDENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSNATURAL GASPUBLIC UTILITIESPOWER PLANTSCOAL MINESRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSCARBON DIOXIDEPOWER PRODUCTION CAPACITYDISTRICT HEATINGGAS TURBINEDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSHEATING SYSTEMSACTIVITIESGENERATIONWOOD RESIDUESWINDEMISSIONSENERGY PLANNINGGAS PRICESDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMBIOGASCOAL MINESTARIFF STRUCTURESCARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSENERGY GENERATIONGASPRICECLEANERHOT WATER SUPPLYDISCHARGE FACILITIESBOILERSHEAT PRODUCTIONBIOMASSGENERATION CAPACITYBIOMASS CONVERSIONHEAT TARIFFSNATURAL GAS PRICESHEATING ENERGYCOGENERATIONOILDOMESTIC HEATINGBOILER PLANTSTHERMAL PLANTENERGY SOURCESFOREST RESIDUESKILOWATT HOURPRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITYPLANT OWNERBOILERENERGY SUPPLYFUEL USETRANSMISSION GRIDOPTIONSWATERCOSTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTIONSTEAM TURBINESEFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSCARBON TAXESALTERNATIVE FUELSBOILER HOUSESPOLLUTIONCOLD WATER SUPPLYGEOTHERMAL ENERGYINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIESTHERMAL ENERGYFUEL SWITCHINGFUELSFUEL COSTSHEAT TRANSMISSIONELECTRICITY PRODUCERSHEATING SYSTEMPRIMARY FUELHEAT ENERGYENERGY SAVINGSTURBINEFUEL SUPPLYEMISSIONENERGY CARRIERSCOLD WATERGAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGYWOOD FUELSPROVISION OF HEATHEATDOMESTIC COALBALANCEUTILITIESHEAT METERINGPOWERELECTRICITY SALESELECTRICITYWOOD FUELHEAVY FUEL OILFUEL SUPPLYHYDROPOWERELECTRICITY GENERATIONCONNECTED HOUSEHOLDSFOSSIL FUELHEAVY FUEL OILHOT WATERENERGY STRATEGYRENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATIONCONSUMPTION OF ENERGYTRANSMISSION SYSTEMGEOTHERMAL SOURCESTARIFF LEVELSBIOMASS FUELSENERGY PRODUCTIONPOWER PRODUCTIONTURBINESPILOT PROJECTSENERGY EFFICIENCYNATURAL GAS MARKETENERGY SYSTEMSPOWER PRODUCERNATURAL GASHEAT SALESHEAT TARIFFINVESTMENTTARIFF STRUCTUREENERGY DEVELOPMENTELECTRICITY PRICECOALTARIFFFUELFUEL OILAVAILABILITYFACILITIESCOAL GASGEOTHERMAL RESOURCESOPEN MARKETSINVESTMENTSRENEWABLE SOURCESRENEWABLE ENERGYDISTRICT HEATING NETWORKSHEAT SUPPLYPIPELINEHEAT GENERATIONFOSSILPRICESAPPROACHPOWER PLANTHEAT PUMPSENERGYTHERMAL CAPACITYWorking PaperInternational Finance Corporation10.1596/22477