Mani, MuthukumaraMarkandya, AnilSagar, AarsiStrukova, Elena2013-01-032013-01-032012-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12065This study provides estimates of social and financial costs of environmental damage in India from three pollution damage categories: (i) urban air pollution; (ii) inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and hygiene; and (iii) indoor air pollution. It also provides estimates based on three natural resource damage categories: (i) agricultural damage from soil salinity, water logging, and soil erosion; (ii) rangeland degradation; and (iii) deforestation. The estimates are based on a combination of Indian data from secondary sources and on the transfer of unit costs of pollution from a range of national and international studies. The study estimates the total cost of environmental degradation in India at about 3.75 trillion rupees (US$80 billion) annually, equivalent to 5.7 percent of gross domestic product in 2009, which is the reference year for most of the damage estimates. Of this total, outdoor air pollution accounts for 1.1 trillion rupees, followed by the cost of indoor air pollution at 0.9 trillion rupees, croplands degradation cost at 0.7 trillion rupees, inadequate water supply and sanitation cost at around at 0.5 trillion rupees, pasture degradation cost at 0.4 trillion rupees, and forest degradation cost at 0.1 trillion rupees.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADOLESCENTSADULT MORTALITYAGE DISTRIBUTIONAGEDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAIR POLLUTANTAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY MONITORINGBENEFIT ANALYSISBIG CITIESBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBULLETINCANCERCARBONCAREGIVERSCAUSES OF DEATHCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATECHILDHOOD DISEASESCHRONIC BRONCHITISCHRONIC DISEASECLIMATE CHANGECLINICSCOALCOASTAL ZONESCOMBUSTIONCOMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALSCONSUMER SURPLUSCONTINGENT VALUATIONCOST OF POLLUTIONCRITICAL CARE MEDICINECROP LANDCROP LANDSDEATHS AMONG CHILDRENDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISABILITYDISASTERSDISEASESDRINKING WATEREARLY CHILDHOODECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMETRICSECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSECONOMIC VALUEECONOMISTSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM SERVICESELDERLYELECTRICITY GENERATIONEMISSIONSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENDPOINTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL BURDENSENVIRONMENTAL COSTSENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGESENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MEDIAENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL RISKENVIRONMENTAL RISKSENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEPIDEMIOLOGYEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONFAMILIESFAMILY HEALTHFAMILY MEMBERSFINE PARTICULATESFISHERIESFOREST COVERFOREST RESOURCESFORESTRYFOSSIL FUELSGASOLINEGREEN ACCOUNTINGGREEN REVOLUTIONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH BURDENHEALTH CAREHEALTH CONSEQUENCESHEALTH DAMAGEHEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH IMPACTHEALTH POLICYHEALTH RESEARCHHEALTH RISKSHIGH BLOOD PRESSUREHOSPITALHOSPITAL ADMISSIONSHOSPITAL WASTEHOSPITALIZATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WORKHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN HEALTHHYGIENEILL HEALTHILLNESSILLNESSESINDOOR AIRINDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONSINFANTINFORMATION SYSTEMINHIBITIONJOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGYJOURNAL OF MEDICINELABOUR MARKETLAND DEGRADATIONLAND USELARGE CITIESLOGGINGLOSS OF BIODIVERSITYMEDICAL TREATMENTMEDICINESMORBIDITYMORTALITYMORTALITY RATEMORTALITY REDUCTIONSMORTALITY RISKMUNICIPAL WASTENATIONAL ACCOUNTINGNATIONAL LEVELNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL ENVIRONMENTNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEEDS ASSESSMENTNON-USE VALUESNUMBER OF PEOPLEOBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASEOCCUPATIONAL RISKOILOUTDOOR AIR POLLUTIONOVERGRAZINGOZONEPARTICULATE AIR POLLUTIONPARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE POLLUTIONPASTURESPATIENTSPEDIATRICSPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY BRIEFPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLLUTANTSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONCENTRATIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION CONTROL BOARDPOLLUTION DAMAGEPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION GROUPSPOWER PLANTSPREMATURE DEATHPREMATURE DEATHSPREMATURE MORTALITYPRESENT VALUEPRIVATE DOCTORSPROGRESSPROVISION OF CAREPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH AUTHORITIESRANGELANDSRECREATIONRESPIRATORY DISORDERSRESPIRATORY ILLNESSRISK ASSESSMENTRISK FACTORSRISK MANAGEMENTRISK OF DEATHRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL POPULATIONRURAL WOMENSAFETY EQUIPMENTSANITATIONSOCIAL COSTSSOIL DEGRADATIONSOIL EROSIONSULFATESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETIMBERTOLERANCETOXICOLOGYURBAN AIR POLLUTIONURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATIONSUSE VALUEVULNERABILITYWASTEWASTE DISPOSALWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATER SUPPLYWELFARE ECONOMICSWILLINGNESS TO PAYWORKERSWORKFORCEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWTPYOUNG CHILDRENWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6219