World Bank Group2016-05-312016-05-312016-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/24375Over the past quarter century, Vietnam’s agricultural sector has made enormous progress. Vietnam’s performance in terms of agricultural yields, output, and exports, however, has been more impressive than its gains in efficiency, farmer welfare, and product quality. Vietnamese agriculture now sits at a turning point. The agricultural sector now faces growing domestic competition - from cities, industry, and services - for labor, land, and water. Rising labor costs are beginning to inhibit the sector’s ability to compete globally as a low cost producer of bulk undifferentiated commodities. Going forward, Vietnam’s agricultural sector needs to generate more from less. That is, it must generate more economic value - and farmer and consumer welfare - using less natural and human capital and less harmful intermediate inputs. The strategic shift was highlighted in the government’s agricultural restructuring plan (ARP), approved by the Prime Minister in June 2014. The ARP defines sector goals in terms of the triple bottom line of economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable development. It lays out expected changes in the roles and spending patterns of the government in the sector and discusses the need to work with other stakeholders, including in the private sector. It calls for an ambitious and ongoing process of learning and experimentation, and several potential directions are offered in this report.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOTARIFFSFISHECONOMIC INCENTIVESCENTRAL PLANNINGECONOMIC GROWTHENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAIR QUALITYWASTE MANAGEMENTORGANIC WASTESCARBONENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSECONOMIC WELFAREAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONEXPECTATIONSPRODUCERSRESOURCE MANAGEMENTPROPERTY RIGHTSENVIRONMENTAL COSTSFINANCIAL RESOURCESTIMBEREMISSIONSEFFECTIVE STRATEGYREVENUESINCENTIVESMODELSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTECONOMIC ANALYSISDEVELOPED COUNTRIESAUDITSWILLINGNESS TO PAYECONOMIC ACTIVITYPRESENT VALUECLIMATIC CONDITIONSEXPLOITATIONOIL PRICESENVIRONMENTAL RISKLABOR COSTSOILINPUT USEFOOD POLICY RESEARCHNATURAL CAPITALPOPULATION GROWTHFIXED COSTSOPTIONSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYFARMING COMMUNITIESQUOTASLIVESTOCK PRODUCTSDEBTLAND DEGRADATIONPOLLUTIONFORESTRYPRICE SUBSIDIESPOLICY DECISIONSBARLEYNATURAL RESOURCESSUBSIDIESPRODUCTION OUTPUTEFFICIENCYFISHINGFOOD PRODUCTIONTAXESCANCERLAND USETEMPERATURE CHANGERESOURCESEQUITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHCONSUMPTIONSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGERURAL COMMUNITIESWAGESCLIMATE CHANGEENVIRONMENTAL POLICYDIRECTIONAL FLOWENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTVALUESMARKET PRICESECONOMIC VALUEPRICE DIFFERENCESCREDITQUALITY STANDARDSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSDEFORESTATIONDEMANDSUSTAINABLE USEENDANGERED SPECIESENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATIONPUBLIC EXPENDITURESECONOMIES OF SCOPEEXPENDITURESPROPERTYLOGGINGAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEOPPORTUNITY COSTSTRANSACTION COSTSENVIRONMENTSOIL DEGRADATIONECOLOGICAL CONDITIONSWEATHER PATTERNSSTREAMSECONOMICSTERMS OF TRADEEMPIRICAL RESEARCHFISHERIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTTRADELANDLAND PRODUCTIVITYENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMECONOMIES OF SCALECONSUMPTION PATTERNSCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOALFARMSECOLOGYWATER POLLUTIONWAGE DIFFERENTIALSREVENUEPOLLUTION CONTROLEMPIRICAL EVIDENCESCIENTIFIC RESEARCHECOSYSTEM HEALTHPASTURESAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYINTERMEDIATE INPUTSPROFITSPRODUCTION PATTERNSPOLICY INSTRUMENTSACID RAINENVIRONMENTALPUBLIC GOODWETLANDSPRICESDEMOGRAPHICSFISHERSCONSUMER PROTECTIONPRODUCTION COSTSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIESPRODUCTION PROCESSESAGRICULTURAL USESPUBLIC GOODSCOMPETITIONReportWorld Bank10.1596/24375