World Bank2014-03-282014-03-282013-11-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17457Reliable and affordable supply of electricity is a key driver of economic growth. In recent decades, many developing and emerging economies have embarked on efforts to enhance the efficiency of their electricity markets. The quest for efficiency often involves structural reforms such as unbundling and other measures designed to support greater competition in the power sector. Open Access (OA) to Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids by market participants is an essential element in this reform process. The study has proceeded on two tracks: one based on empirical findings from specific country cases, and a generic one synthesizing the emerging global issues in OA. Reports for the country studies have been prepared for Brazil, Peru, Turkey, India, and the Philippines. In addition, a global review of the experience in a broader group of countries, both developed and developing, has been undertaken. Overall, the study has taken a broad approach to defining OA - going well beyond the minimalist notion of simply guaranteeing legal access to the grid for generators and wholesale buyers.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS CHARGESACCESS MARKETACCESS REGIMESACCESS REQUIREMENTSACCESS TO ELECTRICITYAGGREGATE DEMANDALLOCATION MECHANISMAPPROACHAUCTIONAUCTIONSAUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTIONAVAILABILITYBALANCEBARRIERS TO ENTRYBENEFITS OF COMPETITIONBIDDINGBORDER TRADEBORDER TRANSMISSIONBUYERSCAPACITY EXPANSIONCAPACITY UTILIZATIONCAPITAL EXPENDITURECOALCOMMERCECOMPETITION AMONG OPERATORSCOMPETITION IN GENERATIONCOMPETITIVE NEUTRALITYCOMPETITIVE WHOLESALE MARKETCOMPETITIVE WHOLESALE POWER MARKETCONCESSIONCONCESSIONAIRESCONCESSIONSCONGESTION MANAGEMENTCONSUMER PRICESCONTESTABLE MARKETCOST OF ENERGYCOST OF POWERCOST RECOVERYDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDIRECT COMPETITIONDISPATCH DECISIONSDISTRIBUTION COMPANIESDISTRIBUTION FACILITIESDISTRIBUTION GRIDDISTRIBUTION NETWORKDISTRIBUTION SERVICEECONOMIC GROWTHEFFECTIVE PRICEEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSEFFICIENT MARKETELECTRIC POWERELECTRIC UTILITIESELECTRICITY CONSUMERSELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY GENERATORSELECTRICITY MARKETELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY SALESELECTRICITY SECTORELECTRICITY SERVICESELECTRICITY SUPPLYEND USERSENERGY ASSESSMENTSENERGY AUCTIONSENERGY COSTSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY GENERATIONENERGY PRICESENERGY PROCUREMENTENERGY SALESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYEXCESSIVE MARKET POWEREXPENDITUREFAIRFAIR TARIFFSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL PRODUCTFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFRANCHISE AREAFREE MARKETFREE MARKETSGENERATIONGENERATION ASSETSGENERATION CAPACITYGENERATION MARKETGENERATION UTILITIESGENERATORSGRID COMPANYGRID EXPANSIONGRID OPERATORHOLDING COMPANYHORIZONTAL INTEGRATIONHYDROPOWERINCUMBENT DISTRIBUTION COMPANYINDEPENDENT GENERATORSINDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERSINVESTMENT PROGRAMLARGE CUSTOMERSLOCAL DISTRIBUTIONLOCAL DISTRIBUTION COMPANYMARKET ACCESSMARKET DEVELOPMENTMARKET ENTRYMARKET INCENTIVESMARKET INTEGRATIONMARKET LIBERALIZATIONMARKET POWERMARKET PRICEMARKET RULESMARKET SEGMENTMARKET SEGMENTSMARKET STRUCTUREMARKET TRADINGMARKETPLACEMASS MARKETMONOPOLIESMONOPOLYMONOPOLY POSITIONMONOPOLY POWERNATURAL MONOPOLYNETWORK SERVICESOPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS REGIMEPOWER CAPACITYPOWER FLOWSPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATORSPOWER GRIDPOWER GRIDSPOWER INDUSTRYPOWER MARKETSPOWER PRICESPOWER PURCHASEPOWER SECTORPOWER SECTOR REFORMPOWER SECTORSPOWER STATIONSPOWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEMSPOWER TRADEPRICE CAPPRICE CAPSPRICE CONVERGENCEPRICE SIGNALSPRICE VOLATILITYPRICING MECHANISMPRICING MECHANISMSPRICING PRINCIPLESPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC UTILITYREGULATORY SYSTEMSRELIABILITYRELIABILITY OF SUPPLYRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATIONRENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTSRENEWABLE POWERRETAILRETAIL COMPETITIONRETAIL CONSUMERSRETAIL CUSTOMERSRETAIL ELECTRICITYRETAIL UTILITIESRETAILINGSALESALESSERVICE PROVIDERSSHARE OF REVENUESSOLAR POWERSPOT MARKETSPOT PRICESSTATE UTILITYSUPPLIERSUPPLIERSSUPPLY CONTRACTSUPPLY CONTRACTSSUPPLY OF ELECTRICITYSURPLUSSURPLUS POWERSURPLUSESTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRANSMISSION ASSETSTRANSMISSION BUSINESSESTRANSMISSION CAPACITYTRANSMISSION ENTITIESTRANSMISSION FACILITIESTRANSMISSION GRIDTRANSMISSION LINETRANSMISSION ORGANIZATIONSTRANSMISSION OWNERSTRANSMISSION PRICESTRANSMISSION PRICINGTRANSMISSION PRICING MECHANISMSTRANSMISSION SYSTEMUTILITIESVALUE OF ENERGYVERTICAL INTEGRATIONVOLATILE PRICESVOLTAGEWHOLESALE COMPETITIONWHOLESALE ELECTRICITYWHOLESALE MARKETWHOLESALE MARKETSWHOLESALE POWERWHOLESALE PRICEWHOLESALE PRICESWHOLESALERSWINDWIND GENERATIONWIND POWER10.1596/17457