World Bank2017-06-272017-06-272011https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27388A major problem in the transition countries of Europe and Central Asia (ECA) during the transition was the breakdown of the relationships of farms with input suppliers and output markets. The simultaneous privatization and restructuring of the farms and of the up- and downstream companies in the agrifood chain has caused major disruptions. The result is that many farms and rural households face serious constraints in accessing essential inputs (feed, fertilizer, seeds, capital, etc.) and in selling their products. The problems are worsened by the lack of public institutions necessary to support market-based transactions, such as for enforcing property rights and contractual agreements. The objective of the study is to analyze Vertical Coordination (VC) in agrifood supply chains in ECA and to identify options for improved policies, institutions, and investments which Governments could make, and which the World Bank could support, in order to improve links in the agricultural marketing and processing chain and increase access of farmers to input and output markets. This is especially important in those countries where contractual arrangements are slow to develop. It is also important if farmers are to be lifted out of subsistence farming and into a modern agrifood economy.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CAPITALACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO FINANCEACCESS TO LOANSACCESS TO MARKETSACCESS TO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCEADVISORY SERVICESAGRICULTURAL CREDITAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATIONALTERNATIVE FINANCINGBANK LOANBANK LOANSBANKRUPTCIESBANKRUPTCYBANKRUPTCY LAWSBARGAININGBARGAINING POWERBARRIERS TO GROWTHBENEFICIAL EFFECTSBUSINESS PLANSCASH ACCOUNTSCASH FLOWCASH RESERVESCOLLATERALCOLLATERAL PROBLEMSCOMMERCIAL CREDITSCOMMODITYCONTRACT ENFORCEMENTCONTRACT LAWCONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPSCOOPERATIVESCOTTONCOTTON PRICECOTTON PRICESCOTTON PRODUCTIONCOTTON SECTORCOUNTRY CREDITCREDIT CONSTRAINTSCREDIT CONTRACTCREDIT PROGRAMSCREDIT TRANSACTIONCROPDEBTDEBTSDEFAULT RISKDEFAULTSDEPRESSED PRICESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT BANKDIRECT LOANSDOMESTIC BANKSECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC REFORMSECONOMICSEFFICIENCY BENEFITSEMERGING ECONOMIESENFORCEMENT MECHANISMENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTSENFORCEMENT SYSTEMSENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENTEQUIPMENTEQUITY ISSUESEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATE INSTABILITYEXCLUSIONEXPLOITATIONEXPORT MARKETSFACTOR MARKETSFAIRFAOFARM PRODUCTIVITYFARMERFERTILIZERFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL MEANSFOOD INDUSTRYFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENTSFOREIGN INVESTORSFRUITSFUTURE CASH FLOWSGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGLOBALIZATIONGOVERNMENT FINANCINGGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSGOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENTGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIPGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT POLICYGOVERNMENT REVENUEGRAINGRAINSGUARANTEE PRODUCTGUARANTEED ACCESSHOLDINGHOLDINGSHOUSEHOLDSINFLATIONINFORMATION SYSTEMSINNOVATIONINNOVATIONSINPUT PRICESINSECURE PROPERTYINSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTSINSTRUMENTINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL MARKETINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINVESTINGINVESTMENT ASSISTANCEINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT LOANINVESTMENT LOANSLACK OF COMPETITIONLANDOWNERSLEGAL CONSTRAINTSLEVEL OF INTEREST RATESLIQUIDITYLOAN GUARANTEELOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAMSLOAN GUARANTEESLOANS FROM BANKSLOCAL BANKLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET DEVELOPMENTMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET ECONOMYMARKET ENVIRONMENTMARKET INFORMATIONMARKET LIBERALIZATIONMARKET PRICEMARKET PRICESMARKET REFORMMARKETINGMONOPOLIESMONOPOLYMOTIVATIONMULTINATIONALMULTINATIONALSNECESSARY COLLATERALNONPAYMENTSOBSTACLES TO GROWTHOVEREMPLOYMENTPOLICY CREDIBILITYPOLICY ENVIRONMENTPREPAYMENTPRICE CONTROLSPRICE UNCERTAINTYPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCEPRODUCT QUALITYPRODUCTION ACTIVITIESPRODUCTION CAPACITYPRODUCTION PROCESSPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROFITABILITYPROPERTY RIGHTSPROVISION OF CREDITPUBLIC ENFORCEMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSPURCHASINGRENTSREPAYMENTRETAILRETURNRURAL CREDITRURAL CREDIT MARKETSSAFETYSAFETY STANDARDSSALESSEEDSEED COTTONSEEDSSMALL FARMSMALL FARMERSSMALL FARMSSMALL PRODUCERSSMALLHOLDERSSOURCE OF CREDITSPOT MARKETSPOT MARKETSSPREADSTATE BANKSSTRUCTURAL PROBLEMSSUGARSUPPLIERSUPPLIERSSUPPLY CHAINSUPPLY CHAINSSUPPLY CONTRACTSTAXTAX INCENTIVESTAX REGIMETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADE CREDITTRADE PROTECTIONTRADINGTRANSACTION COSTTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSITION COUNTRIESTRANSITION COUNTRYTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPARENCYUNIONVEGETABLESVILLAGEWAREHOUSEWAREHOUSE RECEIPTWAREHOUSE RECEIPT SYSTEMSWHOLESALERSWORKING CAPITALYIELDSReportWorld Bank10.1596/27388