World Bank2014-03-252014-03-252012-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17384This study evaluates the costs and benefits of technical sanitation options and programs in Yunnan Province, China, as part of the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) conducted by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program in East Asia. As an underdeveloped province, Yunnan has achieved huge progress in sanitation improvement since the 1990s. Sanitation options evaluated in the study include the facilities to collect and convey human excreta, household wastewater treatment, and related hygiene practices. The benefits of sanitation evaluated include health, water quality, time to access sanitation facilities, external environment, reuse of human excreta, quality of life improvement, and other intangible benefits such as privacy, cleanliness and comfort. The costs of sanitation measured include investment costs and recurrent costs (operations and maintenance). The study compares the costs and benefits of alternative improved sanitation options over the expected life of each technology, to estimate efficiency of alternative sanitation options. For the study sanitation options in eight different sites throughout Yunnan Province were selected. Three rural sites include: a) villages in Luquan county s mountainous rural villages (R1); b) Dali Shangguan (R2) lakeside plain; and c) villages in Qiubei county (R3). Three urban sites represent: a) Kunming (U1); b) Dali (U2); and c) Qiubei (U3). Two peri-urban sites include: a) Kunyang town of Jinning County (PU1) and b) Dali Zhoucheng (PU2). The economic returns on all improved sanitation options are significant in all the sites evaluated, when compared with no access to basic sanitation.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO WATERALTERNATIVE SANITATIONANIMAL EXCRETAANIMAL WASTESAVOIDED COSTSBASIC SANITATIONBEHAVIOR CHANGEBENEFITS OF SANITATIONBIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDBIOGASBIOGAS DIGESTERBODBUCKET LATRINESCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDCLEANLINESSCOMPOSTINGCONNECTIONCONSTRUCTIONDECISION MAKING PROCESSESDIARRHEADIARRHEAL DISEASEDISEASE INCIDENCEDISSOLVED OXYGENDISTRIBUTION OF WATERDRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER QUALITYDRINKING WATER SOURCEDRY PITENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL RISKENVIRONMENTAL SANITATIONEUTROPHICATIONEXCRETA DISPOSALFECESFERTILIZERSFILTRATIONFLUSH LATRINESFLUSH TOILETFLUSH TOILETSGARBAGEGOOD SANITATIONGROUND WATERHANDS AFTER DEFECATIONHEALTHHEALTH CAREHEALTH RISKHEALTH RISKSHELMINTHESHUMAN EXCRETAHYGIENEHYGIENE IMPROVEMENTHYGIENE PRACTICESINFECTIOUS DISEASESLAKESLEADLIMITED WATERMANAGEMENT OF WATERMANUREMATERIALSMETHANENUTRIENTSNUTRITIONAL STATUSODORSORAL DISEASESOXYGENPAPERPATHOGENSPIT LATRINEPIT LATRINESPOLLUTIONPOOR WATER QUALITYPOPULATION DENSITYPRIVATE LATRINEPRIVATE SEPTIC TANKSPRIVATE TOILETPUBLIC LATRINESPUBLIC PARTICIPATIONPUBLIC SANITATIONPUBLIC SANITATION FACILITIESPUBLIC TOILETPUBLIC TOILETSQUALITATIVE ANALYSISQUALITY OF DRINKING WATERQUALITY OF WATERRECYCLINGRIVERSRUBBISHRURAL POPULATIONRURAL SANITATIONSAFE DISPOSALSAFE DISPOSAL OF EXCRETASAFE EXCRETA DISPOSALSAFE SANITATIONSAFETYSANITARY LATRINESSANITATIONSANITATION COVERAGESANITATION DEVELOPMENTSANITATION FACILITIESSANITATION FACILITYSANITATION IMPROVEMENTSANITATION IMPROVEMENTSSANITATION INTERVENTIONSSANITATION OPTIONSSANITATION POLICIESSANITATION PRACTICESSANITATION PROGRAMSANITATION PROGRAMSSANITATION SERVICESSANITATION SOLUTIONSSEPTIC TANKSEPTIC TANKSSEWAGESEWERAGESEWERAGE CONNECTIONSEWERAGE SYSTEMSSEWERSSITE SANITATIONSLUDGESLUM DWELLERSSOLID WASTESTANDING WATERSURFACE WATERSURFACE WATER BODIESSURFACE WATERSTARIFFSTOILETSTREATED WASTEWATERURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN HOUSEHOLDSURBAN SANITATIONURBANIZATIONUSERSWASHINGWASHING HANDSWASTE MANAGEMENTWASTEWATERWASTEWATER MANAGEMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSWASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMSWASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYWATERWATER CONTAMINATIONWATER POLLUTIONWATER QUALITYWATER RESOURCEWATER RESOURCESWATER SOURCEWATER SOURCESWATER SUPPLYWATERBORNE DISEASESWELLS10.1596/17384