Hanson, Gordon H.2017-08-282017-08-282008https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28016A decade ago, trade and investment liberalization dominated the global economic policy agenda. The World Trade Organization (WTO) had recently been created, the United States, Mexico and Canada were implementing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and much of Southeast Asia and South America were near the peak of an economic boom that was driven in part by greater openness to inflows of foreign capital. In bilateral and multilateral discussions of economic integration, global migration was often missing from the docket entirely. The growth in labor flows from low-income to high-income countries has not been greeted with universal enthusiasm, either by policy makers or academics. In theory, international migration increases economic efficiency by shifting labor from low-productivity to high-productivity environments. As workers move from Central America to the United States, North Africa to Europe, or Southeast Asia to Australia, the global labor supply shifts from labor abundant to labor-scarce economies, compressing international differences in factor prices and raising global gross domestic product (GDP). Migrants enjoy large income gains family members at home share in these gains through remittances, and non-migrating workers in the sending country enjoy higher wages thanks to a drop in local labor supply (Aydemir and Borjas, 2007).en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGADULT POPULATIONADVERSE CONSEQUENCESAVERAGE INCOMEAVERAGE MIGRATIONBORDERSBORROWINGBRAIN DRAINBRAIN GAINCAPITAL INVESTMENTCIVIL CONFLICTCIVIL WARCLIMATE CHANGECOMPENSATIONDEMOCRACYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIASPORADISTRIBUTION OF WEALTHEARNINGS OF IMMIGRANTSECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRATIONECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC THEORYECONOMICSEDUCATED MIGRANTSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEFFECTS OF EMIGRATIONEFFECTS OF EMIGRATION ON WAGESEMIGRANTSEMIGRATIONEMIGRATION OF SKILLED LABOREMIGRATION RATEEMPIRICAL ANALYSISEXTERNALITIESFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY TIESFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL MARKETSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN LABORFOREIGN STUDENTSGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHEALTH CAREHOME COUNTRIESHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALILLEGAL ENTRYILLEGAL IMMIGRATIONILLEGAL MIGRANTSILLEGAL MIGRATIONIMMIGRANTIMMIGRANT POPULATIONIMMIGRANTSIMMIGRATION CONTROLIMMIGRATION POLICYIMMIGRATION QUOTASIMPACT OF IMMIGRATIONIMPACT OF MIGRATIONIMPORTANT POLICYINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME TAXINCOME TAXATIONINFLOW OF REMITTANCESINFORMATION SERVICESINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL MOBILITYINTERNATIONAL TRADEINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONKINSHIPLABOR DEMANDLABOR DEMAND CURVELABOR ECONOMICSLABOR EXPORTING COUNTRIESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITY INCREASESLABOR SUPPLYLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIVING STANDARDSMEXICAN IMMIGRANTSMIGRANT FLOWSMIGRANT REMITTANCESMIGRANT STOCKMIGRANTSMIGRATION COSTSMIGRATION DECISIONSMIGRATION FLOWSMIGRATION POLICYMIGRATION RATESMOTIVATIONNATIONAL POPULATIONNATIVE WORKERSNUMBER OF EMIGRANTSOFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEPERCENT OF IMMIGRANTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL OPPOSITIONPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPOPULATION CENSUSESPRACTITIONERSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLINGPROGRESSREFUGEESREMITTANCEREMITTANCESRESEARCH ON MIGRATIONRESPECTRETURN MIGRATIONROLE OF MIGRATIONSCHOOL ATTENDANCESKILL LEVELSSKILLED EMIGRANTSSKILLED MIGRATIONSKILLED PROFESSIONALSSKILLED WORKERSSMALL COUNTRIESSMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL PRODUCTSUPPLY OF LABORTERRORISTTERTIARY EDUCATIONTREATIESUNEMPLOYMENTUNSKILLED WORKERSVISASWAGE STRUCTUREWAGESWORK EXPERIENCEWORLD POPULATIONYOUNG ADULTSWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28016