World Bank2013-02-112013-02-112012-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12299In 2010, Kazakhstan entered into a customs union with Belarus and Russia. The first, relatively easy step in the implementation of the customs union was accomplished in 2010 with the adoption of a common external tariff, with varying exceptions in each of the three member countries. It is the intention of the customs union to eliminate the exceptions, in phases, by 2015. In fact, the goals of the customs union are much more ambitious than implementation of the common external tariff. The governments of the member countries are working to achieve deep integration in key areas. Clearly, successfully addressing the challenge of reducing trade-facilitation costs is a major task that requires significant institutional development both in Kazakhstan and in the other member countries of the customs union. It is very difficult, however, to assess the probability of success that the customs union will have with the reduction of these costs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTUREAIRAIR TRANSPORTANTIDUMPING ACTIONSAVERAGE TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFF RATEBARRIERS TO TRADEBASE YEARBENCHMARKBILATERAL FREE TRADEBORDER DELAYSCAPITAL STOCKCOLLECTED TARIFFCOMMON EXTERNAL TARIFFCOMPETITION POLICYCOMPETITIVE GOODSCOMPETITIVE SECTORSCOMPETITIVENESSCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECONSUMERSCOUNTERVAILING DUTY INVESTIGATIONSCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCUSTOM UNIONCUSTOMSCUSTOMS CONTROLCUSTOMS POSTSCUSTOMS UNIONCUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENTDEMAND CURVEDEMAND CURVESDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDOMESTIC FIRMSDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOMESTIC SALESECONOMIC COMMUNITYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC RESEARCHELASTICITIESELASTICITYELASTICITY OF DEMANDELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTIONELASTICITY VALUESEXPANDING TRADEEXPORT MARKETSEXPORTSEXTERNAL TARIFFSEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL SERVICESFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN GOODSFOREIGN INVESTORSFREE ACCESSFREE ENTRYFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREIGHTFUTURE RESEARCHGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHOTELSIMPORT DEMANDIMPORT PRICEIMPORT-SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATIONIMPORTSINCREASING RETURNSINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALEINDUSTRIALIZATIONINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDSLABOR FORCELAND TRANSPORTLOCAL CONTENTMARGINAL COSTMARGINAL COSTSMARGINAL REVENUEMARKET ACCESSMARKET COUNTRIESMEMBER COUNTRIESMONOPOLISTIC COMPETITIONMONOPOLYMOST-FAVORED-NATIONMOTOR VEHICLESMUTUAL RECOGNITIONMUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTSNONTARIFF BARRIERSNONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERSOIL PRODUCTIONOPEN ECONOMYPREFERENTIAL ACCESSPREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTPREFERENTIAL COMMITMENTSPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTSPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPRODUCT STANDARDSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHREAL INCOMERENT SEEKINGRETAIL TRADERETURNS TO SCALEROADSSAFETYSOCIAL SERVICESSUPPLY CURVESTARIFF -FREE ACCESSTARIFF CHANGESTARIFF LINETARIFF LINESTARIFF POLICIESTARIFF PREFERENCESTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF REFORMTARIFF REVENUETARIFF REVENUESTARIFFS ON TRADETAXTECHNICAL REGULATIONTECHNICAL REGULATIONSTECHNOLOGY DIFFUSIONTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL REVENUETRADE ARRANGEMENTSTRADE COSTSTRADE DATATRADE EFFECTSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FLOWSTRADE MODELTRADING PARTNERTRAFFICTRAFFIC POLICETRANSITTRANSITION PERIODTRANSITION PERIODSTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT EQUIPMENTTRANSPORT SERVICESTRUCKSVALUE ADDEDVALUE-ADDED TAXWAGESWHOLESALE TRADEWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/12299