El-Jardali, FadiHatefi, ArianDaher, NajlaKak, MohiniShubber, ZaraEl-Saharty, SamehKarem, Ghassan2023-11-152023-11-152023-08-01https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40618The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the significance of national and local actors in responding to health emergencies, prompting a reevaluation of public health paradigms. Prior to the pandemic, effective healthcare systems relied on coordinated and robust institutions to optimize resource allocation, enhance healthcare access, and achieve national health goals. Nations with strong health institutes dedicated to promoting, restoring, and maintaining health systems demonstrated better control over health costs and improved health outcomes.enCC BY-NC 3.0 IGOPRIMARY HEALTH CAREHEALTH INSTITUTEPUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENTWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/40618