Canning, MaryGodfrey, MartinHolzer-Zelazewska, Dorota2012-05-312012-05-312007The authors have not cleared this document for external web distribution.978-0-8213-7149-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6740The study reviews the experience in the EU8 countries of the emergence of private higher education institutions and introduction of fees for student who do not gain regular admission. This has resulted in a dual-track system that is affecting the equity of access to higher education. The authors have addressed this with a variety of financing mechanisms in the EU8 countries and seek to develop some useful policy options to "level the playing field" for countries contemplating further reforms, which would include the introduction of variable fees, needs-based grants and loans to increase private financial flows into higher education while facilitating equal access across the board. The study begins with and introduction. Chapter 2 provides an overview of current higher education systems in the EU8 in a comparative perspective. Chapter 3 suggests some directions for further reform initiatives. Chapter 4 concludes.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC STAFFACADEMIC SUCCESSACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATIONACCOUNTINGAMOUNT OF MONEYBANKSBENEFICIARIESBLOCK GRANTSBORROWERBORROWINGBUDGETINGBUSINESS STUDIESCALCULATIONCAPITAL MARKETSCAREERCASH FLOWCOLLEGESCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOURSE CONTENTCREDIT TRANSFERCURRENT INCOMEDEBTDEGREE PROGRAMSDEGREESDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSDOCTORAL STUDENTSEARNINGSECONOMIC REALITYECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION BUDGETEDUCATION SERVICESEDUCATIONAL BUDGETSEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSENROLLMENT RATEENROLLMENT RATESEQUITABLE ACCESSEQUITY OF ACCESSEXPENDITURESFACULTIESFACULTY MEMBERSFINANCESFINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL NEEDFINANCIAL SUPPORTFOREIGN LANGUAGESFORMULA FUNDINGFREE HIGHER EDUCATIONGLOBAL EDUCATIONGLOBAL KNOWLEDGEGOVERNMENT GRANTSGRADUATE TAXGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATEGROSS ENROLLMENT RATESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCEHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCINGHIGHER EDUCATION FUNDINGHIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTSHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMSHIGHER INCOMESHIGHER TUITIONHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINCOME CONTINGENT LOANSINCOME TAXINCOME TAXESINCOME-CONTINGENTINCOME-CONTINGENT LOANSINFLATIONINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINTEREST RATEINTEREST RATESINTRODUCTION OF FEESKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYKNOWLEDGE SOCIETIESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET DEMANDLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFELONG LEARNINGLIFETIMELIFETIME EARNINGSLITERATURELIVING COSTSLIVING EXPENSESLOW-INCOMELOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLUMP SUMLUMP SUMSMAINTENANCE COSTSMARKET ECONOMYMASS HIGHER EDUCATIONMATHEMATICSMINIMUM WAGEMINISTRIES OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMORTGAGENATIONAL ACCREDITATIONNET ENROLLMENTNET ENROLLMENT RATENUMBER OF STUDENTSOCCUPATIONSOLDER AGE GROUPSPAPERSPERFORMANCE OF TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSPHYSICSPOOR PEOPLEPOSTGRADUATE STUDENTSPOSTGRADUATE STUDIESPRICE INCENTIVESPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE FINANCINGPRIVATE FUNDSPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE SAVINGSPRIVATE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE UNIVERSITIESPROFESSIONAL SCHOOLSPROFESSORSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATIONPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATIONPUBLIC UNIVERSITIESPUBLISHERSPURCHASING POWERQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMSQUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONQUALITY OF TEACHINGQUALITY STANDARDSRATE OF GROWTHRATE OF RETURNRATES OF RETURNREGIONAL WORKSHOPREPAYMENTRESEARCH GRANTSRESEARCHERSRESOURCES PER STUDENTSALARIESSALARYSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL LEAVINGSCHOOL LEAVING EXAMINATIONSCHOOLSSCIENCE DEPARTMENTSSCIENTISTSSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSENIORSKILL DEVELOPMENTSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SERVICESTAKEHOLDERSTAKEHOLDERSSTATE UNIVERSITYSTUDENT CHOICESTUDENT LOANSTUDENT LOAN REPAYMENTSSTUDENT LOAN SCHEMESTUDENT LOAN SCHEMESSTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT STIPENDSSTUDENT SUPPORTSTUDENTS PER TEACHERTAXABLE INCOMETEACHERTEACHER RATIOSTEACHERSTEACHINGTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCINGTERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY ENROLLMENTTERTIARY GRADUATESTERTIARY INSTITUTIONTERTIARY INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY LEVELTOTAL COSTTOTAL COSTSTUITIONTUITION FEESTUITION SUBSIDIESTYPES OF LOANSUNDERGRADUATESUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY COUNCILUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY GOVERNANCEUNIVERSITY GRADUATESUNIVERSITY LEADERUNIVERSITY LEADERSUNIVERSITY PROGRAMSUNIVERSITY STUDENTSWAGEWAGESWORKING AGEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7149-7