Scott, JenDakin, RoseHeller, KatherineEftimie, Adriana2013-11-182013-11-182013-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16299The oil, gas, and mining unit series publishes reviews and analyses of sector experience from around the world as well as new findings from analytical work. It places particular emphasis on how the experience and knowledge gained relates to developing country policy makers, communities affected by extractive industries, extractive industry enterprises, and civil society organizations. This paper explores the divergent experiences of women and men who live in areas that are directly affected by oil and gas development, and highlights how the industry specifically contributes to 'gender gaps' in the unequal distribution of assets and risks. Evidence from surveys and interviews with community members, company representatives, and government an official in oil-and gas-affected areas is analyzed and potential solutions are presented to reduce inequality, increase operational efficiency, reduce risks, and foster sustainable development. The paper aims to demonstrate how oil companies, policy makers, and donors, as well as citizens and nonprofits, can benefit from facilitating more equitable sharing of oil and gas wealth, with a particular focus on the inclusion of women. It points out the gains that can be realized through mutual collaboration to minimize harm for those people whose lives and environments are most directly impacted by the industry. Gender, as defined here, is differentiated from biological sex: gender describes the separate behaviors, identities and roles into which males and females are socialized, and contrasts the freedoms and constraints that come with these roles. This paper therefore examines how gender influences risks and opportunities in upstream areas of oil-rich, low income countries. The paper adopts a qualitative approach to research, presenting the perspectives of the people who live in the immediate vicinity of upstream operations and attempting to faithfully interpret what can be learned from their testimonies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO JUSTICEACCESS TO SERVICESADVOCACY ROLEAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGYALCOHOL ABUSEALCOHOL CONSUMPTIONBREAST MILKBUSINESSWOMENCAREGIVERSCHILD CARECHILD REARINGCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIL SOCIETY ACTORSCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASCRUDE OILCULTURAL RIGHTSCULTURAL VALUESCUSTOMDEMOCRACYDEPENDENCE ON MENDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT EFFORTSDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENDISCRIMINATORY PRACTICESDOMESTIC VIOLENCEEARLY MARRIAGEECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMENECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC PROSPERITYECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC STATUSECOSYSTEMEDUCATED WOMENEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESEIELDERLYEMPLOYMENT CREATIONENFORCEMENT MECHANISMSENTREPRENEURIAL INITIATIVESENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESEQUAL ACCESSEQUAL OPPORTUNITIESEQUAL PARTICIPATIONEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYEQUITABLE ACCESSEXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIESEXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES TRANSPARENCY INITIATIVEFAMILY LAWFEMALE EMPLOYEESFEMALE ENGINEERSFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONFEMALE POPULATIONFEMALE WORKERSFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONSFOOD PRODUCTIONFORCED PROSTITUTIONFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL PRICESGAS DEVELOPMENTGAS FLARINGGAS FLARING REDUCTIONGAS PRODUCTIONGENDERGENDER BALANCEGENDER DIMENSIONSGENDER DISPARITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUITYGENDER GAPSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER INEQUITIESGENDER INEQUITYGENDER INFORMATIONGENDER INITIATIVESGENDER ISSUESGENDER MAINSTREAMINGGENDER NORMSGENDER PARITYGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PROGRAMSGENDER QUOTASGENDER ROLESGIRLSGOOD GOVERNANCEGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROUNDWATERHEALTH OF WOMENHOUSEHOLD DUTIESHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUSBANDSHYDROCARBONSIMMIGRANTSINCLUSION OF WOMENINDIGENOUS WOMENINEQUALITIES BETWEEN MENINEQUALITYINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTSJOB CREATIONLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABORERSLABOUR ORGANIZATIONLAND TENURELIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIESLNGLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL COMMUNITYLOCAL DEVELOPMENTLOCAL WOMENMARRIAGE PARTNERSMASCULINITYMATERNITY LEAVEMIGRANTMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANTSMINORITYMODERNIZATIONNATIONAL OILNATIONAL POLICYNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESOILOIL AND GASOIL AND GAS SECTOROIL COMPANIESOIL COMPANYOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENPETROLEUMPOLICY DIALOGUEPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL PARTICIPATIONPOLITICAL PARTYPOLITICAL PROCESSPOLITICAL RIGHTSPOLLUTIONPOLYGAMYPOTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONPREGNANCIESPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPROSTITUTIONQUALITATIVE APPROACHREGULATORY REGIMEREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTROLE MODELSRURAL AREASRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL WOMENSAFE WATERSELF-ESTEEMSEXSEXESSEXUAL ABUSESEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESSHORT SUPPLYSOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL CONDITIONSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL OPPORTUNITIESSOCIAL PROGRESSSOCIAL SECURITYSPILLOVERSTATUS OF WOMENSTDSUBORDINATION OF WOMENSUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURESURVIVAL STRATEGIESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE GROWTHTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADITIONAL GENDER ROLESTRAFFICKING OF WOMENTRANSPORTATIONUNDPUNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY OF WOMENWARWDRWOMANWOMEN ENTREPRENEURSWOMEN FARMERSWOMEN IN BUSINESSWOMEN IN PARLIAMENTWOMEN LEADERSWORKFORCEWORKING WOMENYOUNG WOMENWorld Bank10.1596/16299