World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3044In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people in the world were living with HIV, and despite twenty years of prevention programmes, an estimated 2.5 million new infections occurred in that year. Underpinning the shortcoming in the prevention response is the inadequate use of evidence to inform the response. The result has been largely ineffective prevention interventions, with non-optimal use of available resources and the loss of early opportunities to address the unique factors driving infection in the populations most at risk within the country. The overall objective of this study is: 'to contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand the epidemic and response in Kenya and thus help the country improve the scope (doing the right kind of activities), relevance (with the right populations) and comprehensiveness (reaching all members of target populations) with HIV prevention efforts', with an ultimate goal of helping Kenya make more effective HIV/AIDS-related decisions. The report then assesses the relevance, comprehensiveness and cost of major HIV responses in relation to the epidemiological analysis and policy environment, and draws some conclusions about the state of the epidemic and about whether the prevention responses (and the resources allocated to them) are congruent with the evidence on where resources should best be directed. This study describes the epidemiology of HIV in Kenya over time: trends in HIV prevalence and incidence, magnitude and current phase of the epidemic, the main transmission pathways for new infections; and the heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic (by sex, geography, age group, and risk behaviors).CC BY 3.0 IGOABSTINENCEACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMEADULT POPULATIONAGEDAGINGAIDS CASEAIDS CASE REPORTINGAIDS DEATHSAIDS EPIDEMICAIDS FUNDINGAIDS RELIEFAIDS RESEARCHAIDS SPENDINGALCOHOL ABUSEALLOCATION OF RESOURCESANAL SEXANTENATAL CLINICANTENATAL CLINICSBEHAVIOUR CHANGEBEHAVIOURSBIOLOGICAL MEASURESBIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITYBLOOD PRODUCTSBLOOD SAFETYBLOOD SUPPLYBLOOD TRANSFUSIONSBURDEN OF DISEASECAPACITY BUILDINGCASES OF AIDSCASUAL SEXCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATESCHILD PROSTITUTIONCOMMERCIAL SEXCOMMUNITY OUTREACHCONDOMCONDOM DISTRIBUTIONCONDOM PROMOTIONCONDOM USECONDOMSCONSISTENT CONDOM USECOUNSELLINGCULTURAL PRACTICESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIAGNOSISDIETDISCRIMINATIONDISEASEDISEASE CONTROLDRUGSELDERLYELDERLY PEOPLEEMERGENCY PLANEPIDEMICEPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSISEPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATAEPIDEMIOLOGYETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSETHNIC GROUPSFAMILY HEALTHFAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONALFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATIONFEMALE SEX WORKERSFEMALESFERTILITYFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYGLOBAL HIV/AIDSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH FACILITYHERPESHERPES SIMPLEXHERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSHETEROSEXUAL CONTACTHETEROSEXUAL SEXHETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSIONHIVHIV INFECTED PEOPLEHIV INFECTIONHIV INFECTIONSHIV POSITIVEHIV PREVENTIONHIV TESTINGHIV TRANSMISSIONHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSIMMUNODEFICIENCYINFANTINJECTING DRUG USEINJECTING DRUG USERSINJECTION DRUGINJECTION DRUG USEINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONLACK OF KNOWLEDGELEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE EXPECTANCYMALE CIRCUMCISIONMALE PEERSMALE PRISONERSMALE SEXMALE SEX WORKERSMARITAL STATUSMARRIED COUPLESMIGRANTMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMODE OF TRANSMISSIONMORTALITYMORTALITY RATEMOTHERMOTHER-TO-CHILDMOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONMULTIPLE PARTNERSMULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERSNATIONAL AIDSNATIONAL AIDS CONTROLNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL POLICIESNATIONAL SECURITYNEEDLE SHARINGNEEDLESNEW INFECTIONSNUMBER OF ADULTSNUMBER OF AIDS DEATHSNUMBER OF COUPLESNUMBER OF DEATHSNUMBER OF NEW CASESNUMBER OF NEW INFECTIONSNUMBER OF PEOPLENUMBER OF WOMENOLD AGEOLDER AGE GROUPSOLDER MENORPHANSOUTREACH ACTIVITIESPARTNER REDUCTIONPOLICY RESEARCHPOPULATION INCREASESPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXISPOSTNATAL CAREPREGNANT WOMENPREVALENCEPREVALENCE RATEPREVALENCE RATESPREVALENT INFECTIONSPREVENTION ACTIVITIESPREVENTION EFFORTSPREVENTION INTERVENTIONSPREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONPREVENTION STRATEGIESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPROGRESSRAPERATE OF CONDOM USERATES OF TRANSMISSIONRECREATIONREFUGEEREFUGEE CAMPSREFUGEESREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICESRESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONSRESOURCE FLOWSRISK OF EXPOSURERISK OF INFECTIONRISK OF TRANSMISSIONRISK POPULATIONSRISK REDUCTIONRURAL AREASRURAL WOMENSAFE SEXSAFER SEXSECONDARY EDUCATIONSERVICE PROVISIONSEXSEX PARTNERSSEX WITH MENSEX WORKSEX WORKERSEX WORKERSSEXUAL BEHAVIOURSEXUAL CONTACTSSEXUAL ENCOUNTERSSEXUAL NETWORKINGSEXUAL PARTNERSEXUAL PARTNERSSEXUAL PARTNERSHIPSSEXUAL PRACTICESSEXUAL VIOLENCESEXUALLY ACTIVESEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSSOCIAL NORMSSTDSTD CONTROLSTDSSTISSTRATEGIC PRIORITIESSURVEILLANCE DATASYPHILISTBTHERAPYTRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONTREATMENTTUBERCULOSISUNAIDSUNFPAUNIONSUNIVERSAL ACCESSUNPROTECTED SEXURBAN AREASURBAN CENTRESURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN WOMENVULNERABILITYVULNERABLE CHILDRENVULNERABLE GROUPSWOMANYOUNG MENYOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG WOMENWorld Bank10.1596/3044