Swinnen, Johan F. M.2017-09-072017-09-072009-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28163Dramatic changes took place in agricultural policies in Europe in the 19th and 20th century. In the 1860s European nations agreed on a series of trade agreements which spread free trade across the continent. In the 1960s European nations concluded an international agreement which spread heavy Government intervention and protection against imports across the continent. This paper offers hypotheses as to the causes of these dramatic changes in agricultural protection.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGRIBUSINESSAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL HISTORYAGRICULTURAL INCENTIVESAGRICULTURAL INCOMESAGRICULTURAL INTERESTSAGRICULTURAL MACHINERYAGRICULTURAL MARKETAGRICULTURAL MARKETSAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL POLICIESAGRICULTURAL POLICYAGRICULTURAL POPULATIONAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTURAL SCHOOLSAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTURAL TARIFFSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIESAGRICULTUREANIMALANIMAL DISEASEANIMAL PRODUCTSBARLEYBASIC FOOD PRICESBEEFBREADBUTTERCATTLECOMMODITIESCOMMODITY PROGRAMSCOOPERATIVESCORNCROPCROPSDAIRYDEFICIENCY PAYMENTSDEMAND FOR FOODDIRECT PAYMENTSDISEASE PREVENTIONEXPORTEXPORTSEXTENSIONFARMFARM ASSOCIATIONSFARM COMMODITYFARM HOUSEHOLDSFARM INCOMESFARM ORGANIZATIONSFARM PRICESFARM STRUCTUREFARM STRUCTURESFARM WORKERSFARMERFARMERSFARMINGFARMSFEEDFEED COSTSFLOURFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD DISTRIBUTIONFOOD IMPORTSFOOD MARKETSFOOD POLICYFOOD PRICESFOOD PRODUCTSFOOD SECURITYFOOD SHORTAGESFOOD STAPLESFOOD SUPPLIESFOOD SUPPLYFREE TRADEFREEZINGFROZEN MEATGRAINGRAIN PRICESGRAIN PRODUCTIONGRAINSHARVESTSHORTICULTURAL PRODUCTSHOUSEHOLDSHUNGERIMPORT QUOTASIMPORT RESTRICTIONSIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTSINDUSTRIAL WORKERSINTEGRATIONKOLALIVE ANIMALSLIVESTOCKLIVESTOCK BREEDINGLIVESTOCK FARMERSLIVESTOCK FARMINGLIVESTOCK FARMSLIVESTOCK PRICESLIVESTOCK PRODUCERSLIVESTOCK PRODUCTIONLIVESTOCK PRODUCTSLIVESTOCK SECTORLOCAL FOOD PRODUCTIONLOW INCOMEMARGARINEMARKETINGMEATMEAT PROCESSINGMILKMINIMUM PRICESMINISTRIES OF AGRICULTUREOATSPORKPOTATOESPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHREDUCTIONS IN TARIFFSRYESMALL FARMERSSTAPLE FOODSSTIMULATING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIONSUGARSUGAR PROCESSINGTARGET PRICESTARIFF BARRIERSTENURE RIGHTSTRADE AGREEMENTTRADE AGREEMENTSUNIVERSITIESVEGETABLESWHEATWHEAT PRICESWINEWORLD MARKET PRICESYIELDSWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28163