World Bank2014-05-152014-05-152012-06-21https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18365This report builds on reviews of available methodologies, tools, and practices for greenhouse gas (GHG) analysis, and summarizes the outcomes of pilot studies. It discusses the issues and challenges associated with GHG analysis for energy, transport and forestry projects such as setting project boundaries and accounting for indirect emissions. To do this it draws on existing United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodologies, IPCC National GHG Inventories guidelines, the GEF and CDM/JI methodological frameworks, the GHG Protocol Initiative standards, World Bank Environment Department papers, and methodologies used by other international finance institutions. The outcome of fourteen pilots provides a rich and varied set of experiences in terms of approaches taken, and application of tools and methodologies. Assessing GHG emissions from investment operations is becoming common practice for mostmultilateral and bilateral institutions, and the international financial community in general. The existing methodologies and tools could be applicable to a significant majority of the investment lending portfolio in energy, transport, and forestry. The pilot studies served to generate interest from the clients as they were linked to investment lending operations.Los países de la región del Caribe y Centroamérica cuentan con una baja resiliencia fiscal ante los efectos adversos de terremotos, ciclones tropicales y demás eventos hidrometeorológicos como los excesos de lluvia. Los gobiernos del Caribe y de Centroamérica tienen una capacidad limitada para acceder a recursos líquidos inmediatos y absorber los choques fiscales asociados con los impactos de los desastres porque las condiciones para crear fondos de emergencias son reducidas y hay restricciones para disponer de financiamiento externo. En consecuencia, los Ministros de Finanzas del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) y los estados miembros del CARICOM expresan el interés de gestionar sus riesgos catastróficos en forma colectiva y piden apoyo al Banco Mundial en opciones de financiación, recomendándoles la Facilidad de Seguros contra Riesgos Catastróficos en el Caribe (CCRIF, por sus siglas en inglés) como la mejor opción. El CCRIF brinda liquidez inmediata a un costo favorable y es una manera eficiente para cubrir cualquier déficit que surja en el momento de atender un desastre. Funciona como un mecanismo de reservas conjuntas y fortalece la resiliencia financiera de los países miembros ante desastres asociados con fenómenos naturales.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEAFFORESTATIONANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONSAPPROACHATMOSPHEREAVAILABILITYBALANCEBASELINE EMISSIONSBASESBIKE SHAREBIKEWAYSBIOMASSBORDER TRADEBUSCALCULATIONCARCARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON DENSITYCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON ENERGYCARBON FINANCECARBON FOOTPRINTCARBON LIMITSCARBON MITIGATIONCARBON OFFSETCARBON POOLSCH4CHEMICAL PRODUCTSCLEAN AIRCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOCO2COALCOAL POWER PLANTSCOMBUSTIONCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPSCONSTRUCTION MATERIALSDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDIESELDISCOUNT RATEDISTRIBUTION NETWORKECONOMIC ANALYSISEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY SYSTEMELECTRIFICATIONEMISSIONEMISSION FACTOREMISSION FACTORSEMISSION MODELSEMISSION RATESEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION THRESHOLDEMISSIONSEMISSIONS ANALYSISEMISSIONS BASELINEEMISSIONS FACTORSEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS INVENTORIESEMISSIONS MITIGATIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY EXTRACTIONENERGY GENERATIONENERGY INDUSTRIESENERGY PORTFOLIOENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SOURCESEXPRESSWAYSFERTILIZATIONFINANCIAL ANALYSISFINANCIAL MECHANISMSFORESTFOREST CARBONFOREST CARBON STOCKSFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST LANDFOREST MANAGEMENTFORESTRYFORESTRY ACTIVITIESFORESTRY PROJECTSFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL POWERFOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTSFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFREIGHTFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONVERSIONFUEL HANDLINGFUEL SWITCHINGFUGITIVE EMISSIONSGAS FLARINGGAS FLARING REDUCTIONGAS POWER PLANTSGAS SECTORGASESGENERATION CAPACITYGEOTHERMAL SYSTEMSGHGGHGSGLOBAL CARBON MARKETGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENTGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESGREENHOUSE GASESGRID ELECTRICITYGRID EXTENSIONGRID SYSTEMSGWPHEATHFCSHIGHWAYHIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTHIGHWAYSHOT WATERHYDROFLUOROCARBONSHYDROPOWERIMPROVEMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSINVESTMENT DECISIONSIPCCKEROSENEKILOWATT HOURLAND USELAND USE CHANGELAND-USE CHANGELIGHT RAILLIGHT RAIL TRANSITLIGHTNINGLOW-CARBONMASS RAPID TRANSITMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMODAL SHIFTN2ONATURAL GASNATURAL GAS PROCESSINGNITROGENNITROUS OXIDEOFFSET PROJECTSOILPERFLUOROCARBONSPFCSPIPELINEPOLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOWER DISTRIBUTIONPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATION CAPACITYPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANT CONSTRUCTIONPOWER PLANTSPOWER PROJECTPOWER SECTORPOWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEMSRAIL PROJECTSRAILWAYRAILWAYSRAPID TRANSIT PROJECTRAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMSRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTSRENEWABLE POWERRENEWABLE SOURCESRESIDENTIAL SECTORSROADROAD PROJECTSROADSRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONSCENARIOSSF6SHADOW PRICESOLVENTSSULFURSULFUR HEXAFLUORIDESUPPLY OF ELECTRICITYSUPPLY SIDESUSTAINABLE FORESTSUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENTTHERMAL POWERTHERMAL POWER GENERATIONTHERMAL POWER PLANTSTOTAL EMISSIONSTRAFFICTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURETRANSMISSION LINETRANSMISSION LINESTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT ACTIVITYTRANSPORT EMISSIONSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATIONUNEPURBAN RAILURBAN ROADSVOLTAGEWATER HEATERWINDWIND FARMSWIND POWERZERO EMISSION10.1596/18365