World Bank2013-03-182013-03-182011-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12792Financial infrastructure broadly defined comprises the underlying foundation for a country's financial system. It includes all institutions, information, technologies, rules and standards that enable financial intermediation. Poor financial infrastructure in many developing countries poses a considerable constraint upon financial institutions to expand their offering of financial services to underserved segments of the population and the economy. It also creates risks which can threaten the stability of the financial system as a whole. This report describes the nature of credit reporting elements which are crucial for understanding credit reporting and to ensuring that credit reporting systems are safe, efficient and reliable. It intends to provide an international agreed framework in the form of international standards for credit reporting systems' policy and oversight. The Principles for credit reporting are deliberately expressed in a general way to ensure that they can be useful in all countries and that they will be durable. These principles are not intended for use as a blueprint for the design or operation of any specific system, but rather suggest the key characteristics that should be satisfied by different systems and the infrastructure used to support them to achieve a stated common purpose, namely expanded access and coverage, fair conditions, and safe and efficient service for borrowers and lenders. Section two provides a brief overview of the market for credit information sharing and credit reporting activities and then analyzes in some detail the key considerations underlying credit reporting. Section three outlines the general principles and related roles. Section four proposes a framework for the effective oversight of credit reporting systems.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CREDITADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICEAFFORDABILITYARREARSASYMMETRIC INFORMATIONAVAILABILITY OF CREDITBANKING SUPERVISIONBANKRUPTCIESBANKSBARRIERS TO ENTRYBENEFITS OF CREDITBIASESBILLS OF EXCHANGEBORROWERBORROWINGBORROWING COSTSBORROWINGSBUSINESS LOANSBUSINESS TRANSACTIONCAPITAL ADEQUACYCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCAPITAL REQUIREMENTSCENTRAL BANKCENTRAL BANKSCHILD SUPPORTCOLLATERALCOLLATERAL FOR LOANSCOLLATERAL REGISTRIESCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMERCIAL CREDITCOMMERCIAL LENDINGCOMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONSCOMPETITIVE CREDITCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCONSUMER CREDITCONSUMER LENDINGCONSUMER PROTECTIONCONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONSCONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPCORRUPTIONCREDIT APPLICATIONSCREDIT ASSESSMENTCREDIT BUREAUCREDIT BUREAUSCREDIT CAPACITYCREDIT CARDCREDIT CARD ISSUERSCREDIT CARDSCREDIT CULTURESCREDIT EXTENSIONSCREDIT HISTORIESCREDIT HISTORYCREDIT INFORMATIONCREDIT INSTITUTIONSCREDIT LIMITSCREDIT MARKETCREDIT MARKETSCREDIT OFFICERCREDIT OFFICERSCREDIT PORTFOLIOCREDIT PORTFOLIOSCREDIT PRODUCTSCREDIT RATINGCREDIT RATING AGENCIESCREDIT RATINGSCREDIT RATIONINGCREDIT REGISTRIESCREDIT REGISTRYCREDIT REPORTCREDIT REPORTINGCREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMCREDIT REPORTING SYSTEMSCREDIT REPORTSCREDIT RISKCREDIT SCORECREDIT SCORESCREDIT SCORINGCREDIT UNDERWRITINGCREDITORCREDITORSCREDITWORTHINESSDEBTDEBT COLLECTIONDEBT MATURITYDEBTORDEBTORSDEBTSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKSDISPUTE RESOLUTIONDOMESTIC CREDITDURABLEECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIES OF SCALEEMERGING MARKETSEMPLOYERSEXTENSION OF CREDITFAIR ACCESSFINANCESFINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTUREFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIESFINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONFINANCIAL LIBERALIZATIONFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL MARKET PARTICIPANTSFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL OBLIGATIONSFINANCIAL PRODUCTSFINANCIAL REGULATORSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SERVICESFINANCIAL STABILITYFINANCIAL STATEMENTSFINANCIAL STUDIESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFINANCIAL SYSTEMFINANCIAL SYSTEMSFREE ACCESSGENDERGOOD CREDITHOLDINGHOME MARKETSHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN RIGHTSINDEBTEDNESSINFORMATION ASYMMETRIESINFORMATION ON CREDITINFORMATION SHARINGINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINSURANCE MARKETSINTERNATIONAL CREDITINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSINTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINVENTORIESINVESTMENT SPENDINGLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL OBLIGATIONLENDERSLENDING DECISIONLEVEL OF DEBTLIENSLOANLOAN AGREEMENTSLOAN APPLICATIONSLOAN DENIALSLOAN PAYMENTLOAN PAYMENTSLOAN PORTFOLIOSLOAN REQUESTLOAN VOLUMESMAINSTREAM CREDITMARKET DEVELOPMENTMARKET FOR CREDITMARKET MECHANISMMARKET PRACTICESMERCHANTMFISMICROFINANCEMONETARY FUNDMORAL HAZARDMORTGAGEMORTGAGE LOANSNATIONAL BANKNEW MARKETOWNERSHIP STRUCTUREPARTIAL CREDITPAYMENT HISTORYPAYMENT SYSTEMSPERSONAL LOANSPORTFOLIO MANAGEMENTPORTFOLIO QUALITYPREJUDICEPRIVATE CREDITPRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUPRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUSPRIVATE PROPERTYPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENTPROMISSORY NOTESPROPERTY RIGHTSPROPRIETORSHIPPROVISION OF CREDITPRUDENTIAL SUPERVISIONPUBLIC CREDITPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC RECORDPUBLIC RECORDSREAL ESTATEREAL ESTATE REGISTRIESREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY FRAMEWORKSREMITTANCESREPAYMENTREPAYMENTSRETURNRISK MANAGEMENTSECURITIESSHAREHOLDERSMALL BUSINESSSMALL BUSINESS LENDINGSUPERVISORY AUTHORITIESSUPERVISORY AUTHORITYTAXTAX CODETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADE CREDITTRADE CREDITORSTRADINGTRANSPARENCYUNIONVEHICLE REGISTRIESWORKING CAPITALWorld Bank10.1596/12792