Evans, AlisonNambiar, Divya2014-12-302014-12-302013https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21032Following the findings and policy messages of the World Development Report (WDR) on gender equality and development 2012, the World Bankapos;s gender and development group are seeking to deepen the evidence base on promoting womenapos;s agency as a basis for enhanced action on gender equality. A component of this work is a review of evidence on the relationship between collective action and womenapos;s agency: whether and how different forms of collective action enhance womenapos;s ability to exercise agency in key domains and the operational implications for Bank policies and programs. The paper seeks to clarify the conceptual terrain of collective action; identify the links with womenapos;s agency; and draw lessons from the evidence on what works and what does not for boosting development and gender-equality outcomes. It draws attention on the somewhat smaller body of empirical research examining the mechanics of collective action and its links with economic and social wellbeing, particularly within developing societies. The findings are complex, but the overall conclusions are consistent with an emerging body of literature now questioning participation as a silver bullet in development and calling for more flexible, context-sensitive approaches for promoting agency, and empowerment.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABORTIONACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIONACCESS TO EMPLOYMENTACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCESS TO MARKETSADOLESCENT BOYSADOLESCENT GIRLSADULT EDUCATIONADULT LITERACYAGE AT MARRIAGEALCOHOL CONSUMPTIONASSISTANCE TO VICTIMSBENEFITS FOR WOMENBOTH SEXESCAPACITY BUILDINGCAREGIVERSCHILD MARRIAGECHILD MARRIAGESCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIC PARTICIPATIONCIVIL RIGHTSCONFLICT RESOLUTIONCONTRACEPTIVE SERVICESCONTROL OVER RESOURCESDEMOCRACYDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGEDEPENDENCE ON MENDEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONSDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVESDISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENDISCRIMINATORY LAWSDIVORCEDOMESTIC VIOLENCEEARLY MARRIAGEECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC RESOURCESEDUCATED WOMENEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTENHANCING WOMENENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONEQUAL RIGHTSEQUAL TREATMENTEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYETHNIC GROUPFAMILY FORMATIONFEMALE EDUCATIONFEMALE STUDENTFEMINISTFGMFOOD SECURITYFORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONGENDERGENDER BUDGETSGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER EQUALITYGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER ISSUESGENDER NEUTRALGENDER NORMSGENDER QUOTASGENDER RELATIONSGENDER VIOLENCEGENOCIDEGLOBAL AGENDAGLOBAL CAMPAIGNGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSGRASSROOTS WOMENHARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICESHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH OFFICIALSHOUSEHOLD DUTIESHOUSEHOLD WORKHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONHUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONSILLITERACYINCOME SECURITYINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINDIGENOUS WOMENINEQUALITIES BETWEEN MENINEQUITIESINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIESINHERITANCEINTERNATIONAL ACTIONINTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYINTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONSKINSHIPLABOUR FORCELABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOUR MARKETLAND OWNERSHIPLEGAL RIGHTSLEGISLATORSLIFE SKILLSLIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIESLOCAL AUTHORITIESMALE PARTNERSMATERIAL WEALTHMATERNAL DEATHSMATERNAL HEALTHMATERNAL HEALTH SERVICESMATERNAL MORTALITYMIGRANTMIGRANT WOMENMIGRANT WORKERSMINORITYMORAL SUPPORTMOTHERNATIONAL BOUNDARIESNATIONAL COMMITTEENATIONAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSNATIONAL LAWSNATIONAL LEGISLATIONNATIONAL LEGISLATURESNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL POLICIESNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTNATURAL RESOURCESNUMBER OF WOMENNUTRITIONOLDER WOMENPARLIAMENTARY UNIONPARTICIPATION BY WOMENPERSISTENT POVERTYPOLICY CHANGEPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY PROCESSPOLICY REGIMEPOLICY-MAKING PROCESSPOLITICAL CHANGEPOLITICAL DECISIONPOLITICAL PARTICIPATIONPOLITICAL PARTIESPOLITICAL PARTYPOLITICAL RIGHTSPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPUBLIC OPINIONPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SPHEREQUALITY OF LIFERAPEREGIONAL NETWORKSREPRESENTATION OF WOMENREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICESREPRODUCTIVE RIGHTSRESPECTRIGHT OF WOMENRIGHTS OF WOMENROLE MODELSROLE OF WOMENRURAL WOMENSANITATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSELF-CONFIDENCESELF-ESTEEMSELF-RELIANCESENSITIVE ISSUESSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSEXSEXUAL HARASSMENTSEXUAL VIOLENCESHADOW REPORTSSMALL LOANSSOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL CLASSSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL INEQUALITYSOCIAL ISSUESSOCIAL MOBILITYSOCIAL MOVEMENTSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PRESSURESOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SPHERESOCIAL STATUSSOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONSOCIETAL LEVELSOCIETAL NORMSSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSON PREFERENCESPOUSESSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTATUS OF WOMENTECHNICAL CAPACITYTOLERANCETRADE UNIONSTREATYUNEMPLOYMENTUNION MEMBERSUNMARRIED WOMENVICTIMSVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENVOCATIONAL TRAININGVULNERABILITYVULNERABLE POPULATIONSWARWDRWOMANWOMEN IN DEVELOPMENTWOMEN IN PARLIAMENTWOMEN IN SOCIETYWOMEN LEADERSWOMEN MIGRANTSWOMEN WORKERSWORKING CONDITIONSYOUNG GIRLSYOUNG WOMEN10.1596/21032