Borgomeo, EdoardoJägerskog, Anders2025-09-292025-09-292025-03-26Borgomeo, E., & Jägerskog, A. (2025). Pathways to respond to climate change, forced displacement, and conflict challenges. Environment and Security, 3(2), 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796251328775 (Original work published 2025)https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43780The collision of climate impacts with forced displacement and conflict renders efforts to promote peace and development particularly challenging. Most of the academic literature to date has focused on exploring and predicting causal links between climate change, conflict, and forced displacement. Much less attention has been paid to the need to inform actual policy interventions and responses, particularly to support climate-resilient development. Here, we address this gap and develop a decision framework to inform long-term climate responses in contexts affected by conflict and forced displacement. Building upon previous World Bank policy reports and the authors’ professional experience, we suggest that a focus on decision pathways can help inform a long-term, development response to conflict, forced displacement, and climate challenges. Pathways capture the sequence of interventions that are required to reduce climate risks in contexts affected by conflict and forced displacement. They also offer an opportunity for aligning climate change adaptation interventions, such as water storage or flood embankments, with peacebuilding and stabilization initiatives. Case studies from Lebanon and South Sudan are discussed to illustrate the pathways approach to climate adaptation in contexts affected by conflict and forced displacement.en-USCC BY 4.0CLIMATE CHANGEWATERDEVELOPMENTCONFLICTMOBILITY AND MIGRATIONJournal Article