Lakhani, SadafSacks, AudreyHeltberg, Rasmus2014-03-182014-03-182014-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17340Negative attitudes toward groups in society are widespread and underpin systematic processes of social exclusion that marginalize people and deny them opportunities and dignity. This paper looks at the processes underlying social exclusion. It uses data covering Eastern Europe and Central Asia to study the responses to a simple hypothetical survey question about which specific groups respondents would not like to have as neighbors. Unwelcoming attitudes toward groups such as immigrants, ethnic minorities, the poor, HIV+ individuals, and others are surprisingly common. These attitudes fall into three distinct clusters: intolerance for the poor and for different lifecycle stages; intolerance toward stigmatized attributes and behaviors; and intolerance toward specific identity groups. An empirical analysis of the determinants of attitudes shows that country-specific factors are far more important than socio-economic characteristics. These findings could have important implications for theories about exclusion and for the design of appropriate social inclusion policies. The authors argue that strategies to address social exclusion need to consider ways to change social norms, attitudes, and behaviors toward disadvantaged groups. The paper explores potential entry points for change within formal and informal institutions.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EDUCATIONADAPTATIONAFFIRMATIVE ACTIONAFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIESAGGRESSIVEALCOHOLICSANTI-DISCRIMINATIONANTI-DISCRIMINATION POLICYBABIESBABYBARRIERBEHAVIORAL TRAITSBIRTH CONTROLBISEXUALBRAIN RESEARCHCANCERSCASTE DISCRIMINATIONCASTE SYSTEMCASTE SYSTEMSCASTESCENSUSESCHARITYCHILD BIRTHCHILD BIRTH COMPLICATIONSCHILD CARECITIZENSCIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATIONCONFLICTCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCRIMECULTURAL DIFFERENCESCULTURAL DISTANCECULTURAL GROUPCULTURESDEMOCRACYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDIGNITYDISADVANTAGED GROUPDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENDISCRIMINATORY BEHAVIORDISCRIMINATORY PRACTICESDISCRIMINATORY SOCIAL PRACTICESDISEASESDISTRIBUTION OF POWERDIVERSE GROUPDRUG USERSDRUGSEARLY CHILDHOODECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATION SYSTEMSELDERLYELDERLY PEOPLEELITESENFORCEMENT OF LAWSEQUAL OPPORTUNITYEQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYEREQUALITYESSENTIAL HEALTH SERVICESETHNIC GROUPETHNIC GROUPSETHNIC MINORITIESETHNICITYEXERCISESFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY PLANNINGFEMALE GENITAL MUTILATIONFRIENDSGENDERGENDER NORMSGENITAL MUTILATIONGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT PROGRAMSGROUP MEMBERSGYPSIESHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CARE SYSTEMSHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH PROBLEMSHEALTH PROVIDERSHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH WORKERSHEALTHCARE PROVIDERSHIVHIV/AIDSHOMOSEXUALSHOSPITALHOSPITAL BEDSHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLD SIZEIDENTITYILLITERATE WOMANILLNESSESIMMIGRANTIMMIGRANTSIMMUNIZATIONIMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENTINDIGENOUS WOMENINDIVIDUAL MEMBERSINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINTERVENTIONINTOLERANCEISOLATIONKINSHIPLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLACK OF KNOWLEDGELARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLELAWSLEGAL REFORMLIFE CYCLELIFE EXPECTANCYMASS MEDIAMATERNAL MORTALITYMENTAL ILLNESSESMIDWIFEMIDWIVESMIGRANTSMINORITYMINORITY GROUPSMORTALITYMOVEMENTSNATIONAL LAWSNATIONALITYNEGATIVE ATTITUDESNURSESOFFICIAL LANGUAGEPARENTSPARTICIPATORY MANNERPATIENTPATIENTSPERSONAL BELIEFPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY LEVELPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL CHANGEPOLITICAL PARTYPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPOOR HEALTHPOOR PEOPLEPOPULATION DATAPOST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXISPREGNANCYPREJUDICEPREJUDICESPRIMARY SCHOOLPROGRESSPROVISION OF CAREPSYCHOLOGISTSPSYCHOLOGYPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC HEALTHQUALITY OF CARERACERACESRACIAL GROUPRELIGIOUS BELIEFSRELIGIOUS DIFFERENCESRELIGIOUS GROUPSRESPECTROLE MODELSRURAL AREASSCHOOL SETTINGSSCHOOLSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSELF-CONFIDENCESERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSEXSEXUAL ORIENTATIONSIGNIFICANT POLICYSKIN COLORSOCIAL ATTITUDESSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL CONVENTIONSOCIAL CONVENTIONSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOCIAL GROUPSOCIAL GROUPSSOCIAL HIERARCHIESSOCIAL IDENTITYSOCIAL INCLUSIONSOCIAL INSTITUTIONSSOCIAL ISSUESSOCIAL LIFESOCIAL MARKETINGSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL PROGRAMSSOCIAL SCIENTISTSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL STATUSSOCIAL STRATASOCIAL WELFARESOCIALIZATIONSOCIETIESSOCIETYSTEREOTYPESSTEREOTYPINGSUFFERINGSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTOLERANCETRADITIONSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIONSUNIVERSALISMUNMARRIED COUPLESVIOLENCEWOMEN IN LABORWORKERSWORKFORCEYOUNG CHILDREN10.1596/1813-9450-6784