Chawla, MukeshBetcherman, GordonBanerji, ArupBakilana, Anne M.Feher, CsabaMertaugh, MichaelSanchez Puerta, Maria LauraSchwartz, Anita M.Sondergaard, LarsBurns, Andrew2012-05-312012-05-312007978-0-8213-7129-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6741This report focuses on the challenges that the region's aging countries will now face in having to deal with multiple transitions. It argues that their task ahead, though uniquely daunting, is by no means impossible. Indeed, many of the potential problems can be addressed through sensible and thoughtful policies that can be enacted over the next few years. The only danger likely lies in complacency, in not being proactive in addressing the challenges. This report finds, first, that some of the concerns about aging in Eastern European and Former Soviet countries are probably misplaced. Second, the analysis in the report validates concerns about future fiscal strains in some of the region's aging countries, but finds that many of the drivers of higher future public expenditures are unrelated to aging. This report is particularly focused on the future-a future in the region that is critically dependent on actions that countries and societies take now, and over the next few years. The report sends two central messages, which are analyzed against the different patterns of aging across the region. Red light to green light: Growing older does not have to mean growing slower. Aging is not a stop sign for growth-if countries enact policies that boost productivity and labor force participation. Red ink to black ink: Waging sensible policies can ease aging's spending impact. The policies needed to manage much of the expected jump in public spending-especially the impacts on pensions and on health care-are well known. They need only to be enacted and implemented.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CREDITADDITIONAL SAVINGSADMINISTRATIVE COSTSAVERAGE WAGEBANKSBENEFICIARIESBIRTH RATESBUSINESS CLIMATECALCULATIONSCAPITAL MARKETSCHANGE IN POPULATIONCHANGE IN POPULATION SIZECHILD CARECHILDBEARINGCHILDREN PER WOMANCITIZENSCONSUMERCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTION PENSION SCHEMESCONTRIBUTIONSCURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT PENSIONDECLINES IN FERTILITYDEFINED-CONTRIBUTION PENSIONDEMOCRACYDEMOGRAPHERSDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGEDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGESDEMOGRAPHIC PRESSUREDEMOGRAPHIC PROFILEDEMOGRAPHIC PROFILESDEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSDEPENDENCY RATIODEPOSITSDIRECT INVESTMENTDISABILITYDISSEMINATIONDIVORCEEARLY RETIREMENTEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSECONOMIC TRANSITIONEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELDERLYELDERLY POPULATIONEXISTING POPULATIONFAMILY ALLOWANCESFAMILY POLICIESFEMALE LABOR FORCEFEMALE LIFE EXPECTANCYFERTILITYFERTILITY DECLINESFERTILITY RATEFERTILITY RATESFERTILITY TRANSITIONFINANCIAL AFFAIRSFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIESFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL OPTIONSFINANCIAL PRODUCTSFINANCIAL SECTORFINANCIAL SYSTEMSFISCAL EFFORTFISCAL PROBLEMSFISCAL SUSTAINABILITYFORCED SAVINGSFUTURE GROWTHGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHEALTH CAREHIVHOUSEHOLD SAVINGHOUSEHOLD SAVINGSHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSIMMIGRATIONINCOMEINCOMESINFLATIONINVESTINGINVESTMENT CLIMATESJOB OPPORTUNITIESLABOR FORCELABOR FORCESLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET TRANSITIONSLABOR MARKETSLABOR SHORTAGESLABOR SUPPLYLARGER FAMILIESLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF FERTILITYLIFE EXPECTANCIESLIFE EXPECTANCYLIFE SPANLIFELONG LEARNINGLIFETIMELITERACYLIVING STANDARDSLONG-TERM CARELONG-TERM CARE POLICYLONGER LIFEMARITAL STATUSMARKET CAPITALIZATIONMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET ECONOMYMATERNITY HOSPITALSMATERNITY LEAVEMATHMATHEMATICSMEDICAL CAREMIGRANTSMORTALITYNATIONAL LEGISLATIONNEW JOBSNUMBER OF CHILDRENOLD-AGEOLDER INDIVIDUALSOLDER PEOPLEOLDER WOMENOLDER WORKERSOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENPARENTAL LEAVEPENSIONPENSION BENEFITSPENSION FUNDPENSION POLICIESPENSION POLICYPENSION REFORMPENSION REFORMSPENSION SPENDINGPENSION SYSTEMPENSION SYSTEMSPENSIONERSPENSIONSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOOR POPULATIONSPOOR WOMENPOPULATION AGE STRUCTUREPOPULATION CHANGEPOPULATION DECLINEPOPULATION DECLINESPOPULATION DECREASESPOPULATION DIVISIONPOPULATION ESTIMATESPOPULATION FORECASTINGPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH RATESPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOPULATION STRUCTUREPOPULATION STRUCTURESPREGNANT WOMENPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVATE PENSIONPRIVATE PENSIONSPRIVATE SAVINGPRIVATE SAVINGSPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROSPERITYPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HOSPITALSPUBLIC PENSIONPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYRAPID GROWTHRATE OF GROWTHREAL ESTATERELATED COSTSREMITTANCESREPLACEMENT LEVELREPRODUCTIVE CHOICESRESEARCH ASSISTANCERETIREDRETIREMENTRETIREMENT AGERETIREMENT AGESREVERSE MORTGAGESRISK PROFILESSAVERSSAVING BEHAVIORSAVINGSSAVINGS ACCUMULATIONSAVINGS INSTRUMENTSSCHOOL-AGE POPULATIONSCHOOL-AGE POPULATIONSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECURITIESSIGNIFICANT POLICYSOCIAL AFFAIRSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSTOCK MARKETTAX BREAKSTOTAL SAVINGSTVUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESWAGEWAGE GROWTHWAGESWOMANWORK HOURSWORKING-AGE POPULATIONWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWORLD POPULATIONYOUNGER COHORTSYOUNGER PEOPLEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7129-9