Klasen, Stephan2014-03-042014-03-042002-09World Bank Economic Reviewhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/17209Using cross-country and panel regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long-term economic growth. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneities. The results suggest that gender inequality in education directly affects economic growth by lowering the average level of human capital. In addition, growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender inequality on investment and population growth. Some 0.4-0.9 percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East can be accounted for by differences in gender gaps in education between these regions.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOACCESS TO RESOURCESADJUSTED INCOMEADULT POPULATIONANNUAL GROWTHANNUAL GROWTH RATEAVERAGE GROWTHAVERAGE LEVELBULLETINCAPITA INCOME GROWTHCAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCAPITAL INCREASESCAPITAL INFLOWSCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCHANGES IN FERTILITYCHILD CARECHILD MORTALITYCONVERGENCE DEBATECORRUPTIONCOUNTRY DATACOUNTRY REGRESSIONSCROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSISDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEPENDENCY BURDENDEPENDENT VARIABLEDESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING REGIONSDEVELOPMENT COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT GOALSDEVELOPMENT PLANNINGDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENDOMESTIC MARKETSDOMESTIC SAVINGSECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC CHANGEECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC HISTORYECONOMIC LITERATUREECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC PROSPERITYECONOMICSEDUCATED MENEDUCATED MOTHERSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL GENDEREDUCATIONAL GENDER GAPSEFFECT ON POPULATION GROWTHEFFECTS OF GENDERELDERLYEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATUREEMPIRICAL STUDIESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENDOGENOUS VARIABLESEQUAL EDUCATIONEXOGENOUS VARIABLESEXPLANATORY VARIABLESEXTERNAL SHOCKSFACTORS OF PRODUCTIONFAMILY PLANNINGFEMALEFEMALE EDUCATIONFEMALE EMPLOYMENTFEMALE LABORFEMALE WORKFEMALE WORKERSFEMALESFEMINISTFEMINIST ECONOMICSFERTILITYFERTILITY LEVELSFERTILITY RATEFERTILITY RATESFERTILITY TRANSITIONFIRST YEARFIXED EFFECTSFORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONGENDER BIASGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISCREPANCIESGENDER EQUITYGENDER GAPGENDER GAP IN EDUCATIONGENDER GAPSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER INEQUALITYGIRLSGLOBAL ECONOMYGROWTH EFFECTGROWTH MODELGROWTH PERFORMANCEGROWTH REGRESSIONGROWTH REGRESSIONSGROWTH TRAGEDYHEALTH OUTCOMESHIGH GROWTHHIGH POPULATION GROWTHHOUSEHOLD LEVELHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTHUMAN RESOURCESIMPACT OF POPULATIONIMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTHINCOME GROWTHINCOME LEVELSINCOME PER CAPITAINCREASE GROWTHINCREASING RETURNSINDEPENDENT VARIABLESINEQUALITY AVERSIONINTENSIVE INDUSTRIESINVESTMENT RATEINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE GROWTHLABOR MARKETLABOUR OFFICELIFE EXPECTANCYLITERACYLONG-RUN GROWTHLONG-TERM GROWTHLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOWER FERTILITYMARGINAL RETURNSMARGINALIZATIONMARRIAGE AGEMONETARY ECONOMICSMORTALITYMORTALITY RATENATIONAL ACCOUNTSNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE EFFECTNEGATIVE IMPACT0 HYPOTHESISNUMBER OF WORKERSPANEL REGRESSIONSPER CAPITA GROWTHPER CAPITA INCOMEPER CAPITA INCOMESPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY VARIABLESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH RATEPOPULATION GROWTH RATESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPROBLEMS OF GENDERPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROMOTING GENDER EQUITYPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRAPID GROWTHRATE OF GROWTHRATE OF POPULATION GROWTHREDUCED GENDER INEQUALITYREDUCING GENDER INEQUALITYRESOURCE ALLOCATIONSAFETY NETSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLINGSIGNIFICANT EFFECTSIGNIFICANT IMPACTSPILLOVERSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMSTERTIARY EDUCATIONUNDPUNEDUCATED WOMENUNICEFUNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGE DISCRIMINATIONWAGE GAPWILLWOMANWORKING-AGE POPULATIONJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/17209