Bogetić, ŽeljkoMedvedev, DenisBussolo, Maurizio2012-05-242012-05-242008-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6396This paper relies on the recently developed Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Simulations (MAMS) model to assess the consistency of alternative scaling-up and policy packages for growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In the baseline scenario, Ghana's strong near and medium-term growth outlook puts it in a good position to achieve the poverty Millennium Development Goal ahead of schedule, but other goals are likely to remain elusive before 2015. In the accelerated growth scenario-which addresses the major gaps in water and sanitation and other infrastructure-even more rapid growth and poverty reduction are possible, but important targets in the areas of education, health, and environment remain unattainable. Although growth is complementary to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the authors also find important growth-human development trade-offs in the near term. The estimates show that the resource requirements for achieving the key Millennium Development Goals by 2015 are large, reaching US$82 per capita in an illustrative foreign-grant financed scenario. Increased intake and retention of students contribute to rising scarcity of unskilled labor, buttressing unskilled wages, while high demand for skills from the sectors related to the Millennium Development Goals raises the returns to human capital. These developments lead to improvements in the welfare of the poorest members of Ghanaian society and contribute to a small reduction in overall inequality.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SAFE WATERACCOUNTINGACCUMULATION OF CAPITALADDITIONAL FINANCINGALLOCATIONANNUAL GROWTHANNUAL GROWTH RATEANNUAL RATEAUDITOR GENERALAVERAGE GROWTHAVERAGE INCOMEAVERAGE LEVELBASELINE SCENARIOBASIC EDUCATIONBORROWINGBUDGET DOCUMENTSBUDGETINGCALCULATIONCAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL STOCKCONSUMERCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTIONSCURRENT EXPENDITURESDEBTDEBT RELIEFDEBT SERVICEDEBT SUSTAINABILITYDEMAND FOR SERVICESDEPENDENT VARIABLEDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT INDICATORSDISAGGREGATED LEVELDISTRIBUTION OF INCOMEDONOR ASSISTANCEEARNINGSECONOMIC MANAGEMENTECONOMIC POLICYEDUCATION SERVICESEDUCATION SYSTEMEFFICIENCY GAINSELASTICITIESESTIMATED ELASTICITYEXPORT TAXESEXTERNAL DEBTEXTERNAL SHOCKSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL STABILITYFISCAL PRUDENCEFOREIGN BORROWINGFOREIGN GRANTSGINI COEFFICIENTGINI INDEXGOVERNMENT CONSUMPTIONGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT REVENUESGROWTH COMPONENTGROWTH EFFECTGROWTH PERFORMANCEGROWTH PROCESSGROWTH PROSPECTSGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH SECTORHIGH GROWTHHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTIMPORT TAXESIMPROVEMENTS IN POLICIESINCOME DISPARITIESINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME LEVELSINCOMESINCREASE IN INCOMEINDEPENDENT VARIABLEINFANTINFANT HEALTHINFANT MORTALITYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE SERVICESINTEREST PAYMENTSINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINVESTINGINVESTMENT CLIMATELABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL CURRENCYLONG RUNLONG-TERM GROWTHLOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMARKET PRICESMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATESMEAN GROWTHMEDICAL CAREMEDIUM TERMMEDIUM-TERM OUTLOOKMILLENNIUM DECLARATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF FINANCENATIONAL ACCOUNTSNATIONAL ACCOUNTS DATANUMERICAL TARGETSOIL PRICESPER CAPITA GROWTHPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY PACKAGESPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITYPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY OUTCOMESPOVERTY REDUCINGPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE CONSUMPTIONPRIVATE GOODSPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE INVESTMENTSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR GROWTHPRO-POORPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROSPERITYPUBLIC ACCOUNTSPUBLIC ACTIVITIESPUBLIC BUDGETPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC PROGRAMSPUBLIC PROVISIONPUBLIC RESOURCESPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRAPID GROWTHRATE OF GROWTHREAL EXCHANGE RATERECURRENT EXPENDITURESREDUCED FORM EQUATIONREDUCING POVERTYRELATIVE IMPORTANCERESOURCE REQUIREMENTSRESPECTRISING DEMANDSAFE WATERSANITATIONSANITATION FACILITIESSANITATION SERVICESSAVINGSSCHOOL FEESSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECTORAL ANALYSESSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVISIONSET OF GOALSSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL SECTORSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SPENDINGSOURCE OF INFORMATIONSPILLOVERSPILLOVER EFFECTSSTOCKSSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUSTAINABILITY ANALYSISTAX RATESTERTIARY EDUCATIONTOTAL COSTTOTAL PUBLIC SPENDINGTRADE OFFSTRANSITION ECONOMIESUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN AREASVULNERABLE GROUPSWAGEWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGE GROWTHWAGESWORLD MARKETSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4523