Carneiro, PedroLokshin, MichaelRidao-Cano, CristobalUmapathi, Nithin2012-03-192012-03-192011-11-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3646This paper estimates average and marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a non-parametric selection model estimated by local instrumental variables, and data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. The analysis finds that the return to upper secondary schooling varies widely across individual: it can be as high as 50 percent per year of schooling for those very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as low as -10 percent for those very unlikely to do so. Returns to the marginal student (14 percent) are well below those for the average student attending upper secondary schooling (27 percent).CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONAVERAGE TREATMENT EFFECTBINDINGCOMMUNITY HEALTHCONTINUOUS EDUCATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISADVANTAGED CHILDRENDISTANCE TO SCHOOLECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATED PARENTSEDUCATION ATTAINMENTEDUCATION EXPANSIONEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATIONAL EXPANSIONEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESELEMENTARY EDUCATIONELEMENTARY SCHOOLELEMENTARY SCHOOLINGENROLLMENT RATESEXAMFAMILY LIFEHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONHUMAN CAPITALIFSIMPACT OF EDUCATIONLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLARGE CITIESLEARNINGLEARNING ENVIRONMENTLOW LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOWER SECONDARYLOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLMOTHERNUMBER OF REPETITIONSPAPERSPARENTAL EDUCATIONPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL SCIENCEPRIMARY SCHOOLPROGRESSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATES OF RETURNRESPECTRETURN TO EDUCATIONRETURNS TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASRURAL RESIDENCESCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL CONSTRUCTIONSCHOOL DECISIONSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL ENROLMENTSCHOOL EXPERIENCESCHOOL LOCATIONSCHOOL SUCCESSSCHOOL SUPPLYSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSHOW HOWSKILLED WORKFORCESMALL VILLAGESSOCIAL RESEARCHSOCIAL STUDIESSTATE UNIVERSITYTEST SCORESUNIVERSAL EDUCATIONUNIVERSITIESUPPER SECONDARYUPPER SECONDARY EDUCATIONUPPER SECONDARY LEVELUPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLUPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLINGUPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLSURBAN AREASWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5878