Dutta, ArinWirtz, AndreaStanciole, AndersonOelrichs, RobertSemini, IrisBaral, StefanPretorius, CarelHaworth, CarolineHader, ShannonBeyrer, ChrisCleghorn, Farley2013-01-302013-01-302013-01978-0-8213-9776-3https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12215This publication addresses research questions related to an increase in the levels of access and utilization for four key interventions that have the potential to significantly reduce HIV infections among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) and their sexual and injecting partners, and hence morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). These interventions are drawn from nine consensus interventions that comprise a 'comprehensive package' for PWID. The four interventions are: Needle and Syringe Programs (NSP), Medically Assisted Therapy (MAT), HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT), and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). The book summarizes the results from several recent reviews of studies related to the effectiveness of the four key interventions in reducing risky behaviors in the context of transmitting or acquiring HIV infection. Overall, the four key interventions have strong effects on the risk of HIV infection among PWID via different pathways, and this determination is included in the documents proposing the comprehensive package of interventions. In order to attain the greatest effect from these interventions, structural issues must be addressed, especially the removal of punitive policies targeting PWID in many countries. The scientific evidence presented here, the public health rationale, and the human rights imperatives are all in accord: we can and must do better for PWID. The available tools are evidence-based, right affirming, and cost effective. What are required now are political will and a global consensus that this critical component of global HIV can no longer be ignored and under-resourced.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSTINENCEABUSESACCESS TO TREATMENTACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMEADULT POPULATIONAIDS DEATHSAIDS EPIDEMICANTENATAL CLINICARVSBACTERIAL INFECTIONSBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONSBEHAVIORAL RISKBEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCECOMMERCIAL SEXCONDOMCONDOM DISTRIBUTIONCONDOM USECONDOMSCRIMEDEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDISEASEDISEASE BURDENDISEASE CONTROLDISEASE PREVALENCEDRUG ADDICTIONDRUG INJECTIONDRUG TREATMENTDRUG USERDRUGSENDOCARDITISEPIDEMICEPIDEMICSEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATIONEPIDEMIOLOGYFEMALEFEMALE SEX WORKERSGENDERGLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMICGLOBAL CONSENSUSGLOBAL HIV/AIDSGLOBAL POLICYHEALTH SYSTEMSHEPATITISHEROIN USEHIGH-RISK GROUPSHIVHIV EPIDEMICSHIV INFECTIONHIV INFECTIONSHIV PREVALENCEHIV PREVENTIONHIV TESTHIV TESTINGHIV TRANSMISSIONHIV/AIDSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSHUMAN RIGHTSIMMUNODEFICIENCYINCIDENCE OF HIVINFECTIONS AMONG ADULTSINJECTING DRUG USEINJECTION DRUGINJECTION DRUG USEINVESTMENT IN PREVENTIONLACK OF INFORMATIONLEGAL STATUSMALARIAMALE SEXMEDICINEMORBIDITYMORBIDITY & MORTALITYMORBIDITY AND MORTALITYMOTHERMOTHER-TO-CHILDMOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONNATIONAL AIDSNATIONAL AIDS CONTROLNATIONAL PLANSNEEDLE EXCHANGENEEDLE SHARINGNEEDLESNEW INFECTIONSNUMBER OF NEW INFECTIONSNUTRITIONPATIENTPATIENTSPEOPLE LIVING WITH HIVPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLITICAL SUPPORTPOPULATION ESTIMATESPOPULATION GROUPSPOPULATION SIZEPREVALENCEPREVENTION ACTIVITIESPREVENTION AND CAREPUBLIC HEALTHQUALITY OF LIFEREHABILITATIONRESOURCE ALLOCATIONSRIGHTS PERSPECTIVERISK BEHAVIORRISK BEHAVIORSRISK OF HIV TRANSMISSIONRISK OF INFECTIONRISK POPULATIONSRISK REDUCTIONRISK-REDUCTIONRISKY BEHAVIORRISKY BEHAVIORSRISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORSAFE SEXSCIENTIFIC EVIDENCESERVICE DELIVERYSERVICES FOR PEOPLESEXSEX PRACTICESSEX WITH MENSEX WORKERSEXUAL CONTACTSEXUAL NETWORKSSEXUAL PARTNERSSEXUAL PRACTICESSEXUAL RISKSEXUAL RISK BEHAVIORSEXUAL RISK BEHAVIORSSEXUAL TRANSMISSIONSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSOCIAL MARKETINGSOCIAL VULNERABILITYSPREAD OF HIVSTERILE INJECTION EQUIPMENTSTERILE SYRINGESSUBSTANCE ABUSESURVEILLANCE DATASYRINGEST-CELLTBTHERAPYTREATMENTTREATMENT ACCESSTREATMENT SERVICESTUBERCULOSISUNAIDSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIVERSAL ACCESSUNSAFE INJECTIONUNSAFE SEXUSER FEESVIRAL LOADVIRUSVOLUNTARY COUNSELINGWARWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9776-3