Khandker, Shahidur R.2012-03-192012-03-192009-04-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4114Seasonal poverty in Bangladesh, locally known as monga, refers to seasonal deprivation of food during the pre-harvest season of Aman rice. An analysis of household income and expenditure survey data shows that average household income and consumption are much lower during monga season than in other seasons, and that seasonal income greatly influences seasonal consumption. However, lack of income and consumption smoothing is more acute in greater Rangpur, the North West region, than in other regions, causing widespread seasonal deprivation. The analysis shows that agricultural income diversification accompanied by better access to micro-credit, irrigation, education, electrification, social safety net programs, and dynamic labor markets has helped reduce seasonality in income and poverty in regions other than Rangpur in the recent past. Hence, government policies should promote income diversification through infrastructure investments and provide income transfers to the targeted poor to contain income seasonality and poverty in this impoverished part of Bangladesh.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYAGGREGATE INCOMEAGRARIAN ECONOMYAGRICULTURAL LABORERSAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL WAGEAGRICULTURAL WORKERSAGRICULTUREANNUAL RATEASSET HOLDINGSAVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOMEBASE YEARBENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDSBUFFER STOCKSCALORIE INTAKECASH TRANSFERSCHANGES IN POVERTYCHRONIC POVERTYCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURECONSUMER GOODSCONSUMER PRICE INDEXCONSUMPTION BEHAVIORCONSUMPTION DATACONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION GROWTHCONSUMPTION INSURANCECONSUMPTION LEVELSCONSUMPTION POVERTYCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCONSUMPTION VOLATILITYCREDIT MARKETCREDIT MARKET CONSTRAINTSCREDIT MARKETSCREDIT PROGRAMCREDIT PROGRAMSCROP INCOMECROP PRODUCTIONCROSS-SECTION DATACROSS-SECTIONAL DATADAILY WAGEDATA SETDATA SETSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIVERSIFICATIONDROUGHTECONOMETRIC ANALYSISECONOMETRICSECONOMIC INDICATORSECONOMIC SITUATIONEDUCATION INFRASTRUCTUREESTIMATES OF POVERTYEXPLANATORY VARIABLESEXTREME POVERTYFARM ACTIVITIESFARM INCOMEFARM PRODUCTIONFARM PRODUCTIVITYFARM SECTORFARM TECHNOLOGYFARMERSFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFOOD BASKETFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITAFOOD COUPONSFOOD EXPENDITURESFOOD POLICYFOOD POVERTYFOOD POVERTY LINEFOOD PRICESFOOD QUANTITYFOOD RATIONSFOOD SECURITYFOOD SHORTAGEFOOD-FOR-WORKHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD DATAHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOMEHOUSEHOLD POVERTYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTSHUMAN RESOURCESINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOMEINCOME DATAINCOME DYNAMICSINCOME EXPANSIONINCOME GROWTHINCOME RISKINCOME SHAREINCOME SHARESINCOME SHOCKINCOME SHOCKSINCOME SMOOTHINGINCOME TRANSFERINCOME TRANSFERSINFORMAL CREDITINSURANCEINSURANCE MECHANISMSINTERFAMILY TRANSFERSIRRIGATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLAND ASSETLAND ASSETSLEAN SEASONLINEAR MODELLIQUIDITYLOW INCOMEMALNUTRITIONMARKET IMPERFECTIONSMEASUREMENT ERRORMEASUREMENT ERRORSMICRO-CREDITMICRO-FINANCEMUTUAL INSURANCENEGATIVE EFFECTNEGATIVE IMPACTNEGATIVE RELATIONSHIPNET EFFECT0 HYPOTHESISOLD AGEOLD AGE PENSIONPENSIONSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTUREPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY INTERVENTIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY VARIABLESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL INFLUENCEPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOSITIVE EFFECTSPOSITIVE ROLEPOVERTY CHANGESPOVERTY ESTIMATESPOVERTY HEADPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY INDICATORSPOVERTY INDICESPOVERTY LEVELPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY MEASUREPOVERTY POVERTYPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY SITUATIONPOVERTY STATUSPOVERTY THRESHOLDPRECAUTIONARY SAVINGSPRODUCT MARKETPRODUCTIVE ASSETSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC POLICIESPUBLIC WORKSPURCHASING POWERREAL WAGEREDUCING POVERTYREDUCTION OF POVERTYREGIONAL DUMMIESREGIONAL LEVELRISK MANAGEMENTRURALRURAL AREASRURAL ECONOMYRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL INCOMERURAL PEOPLERURAL POORRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY RATERURAL ROADRURAL ROADSSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSCHOOLINGSELF-INSURANCESIGNIFICANT EFFECTSMALL FARMERSSMOOTHING CONSUMPTIONSOCIAL SAFETYSOCIAL SAFETY NETTARGETINGTOTAL POVERTYTOTAL POVERTY LINETRANSFER PROGRAMTRANSFER PROGRAMSVILLAGE LEVELVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYVULNERABLE GROUPVULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDSWAGE RATEWAGE RATESWAGE WORKERSWAGESWEALTHWEATHER RISKWELFARE INDICATORSWORK PROGRAMWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4923