Pushak, NataliyaFoster, Vivien2012-03-192012-03-192011-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3366Infrastructure contributed just over one percentage point to Ghana's annual per capital GDP growth during the 2000s. Raising the country s infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost the annual growth rate by more than 2.7 percentage points. Ghana has an advanced infrastructure platform when compared with other low-income countries in Africa. The country s coverage levels for rural water, electricity, and GSM signals are impressive. A large share of the road network is in good or fair condition. Institutional reforms have been adopted in the ICT, ports, roads, and water supply sectors. Ghana s most pressing challenges lie in the power sector, where outmoded transmission and distribution assets, rapid demand growth, and periodic hydrological shocks leave the country reliant on high-cost oil-based generation. Exceptionally high losses in water distribution leave little to reach end customers, who are thus exposed to intermittent supplies. Addressing Ghana's infrastructure challenges will require raising annual expenditures to $2.3 billion. The country already spends about $1.2 billion per year on infrastructure, equivalent to about 7.5 percent of GDP. A further $1.1 billion is lost each year to inefficiencies, notably underpricing of power.Ghana's annual infrastructure funding gap is about $0.4 billion per year, chiefly related to power and water. Following its recent oil discoveries, Ghana can raise additional public funding from increased tax receipts. The country has several strong areas on which to build and a solid economic base from which to fund incremental efforts.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCESSIBILITYADVANCED INFRASTRUCTUREAIRAIR SAFETYAIR TRANSPORTAIRCRAFTAIRPORTSAPPROACHAVAILABILITYBALANCEBANDWIDTHBASINSBOREHOLESBOTTLENECKSBRIDGEBULK SUPPLYCABLECAPITAL COSTSCAPITAL EXPENDITURECAPITAL INVESTMENTCARGOCARGO HANDLINGCARGO HANDLING CHARGECARRIERSCARSCASH FLOWCATCHMENTCLIMATE CHANGECOLLECTION SYSTEMSCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCONCESSIONCONCESSION AGREEMENTSCONCESSION ARRANGEMENTSCONCESSION CONTRACTCONCESSIONSCONGESTIONCONTAINER HANDLINGCONTAINER HANDLING CHARGESCONTAINER TERMINALCONTAINER TERMINAL CONCESSIONCOST OF GASCOST OF POWERCOST RECOVERYCOSTS OF POWERCOVERINGCUBIC METERCUBIC METERSDAMSDEMAND FOR POWERDISTRIBUTION ASSETSDISTRIBUTION LOSSESDISTRIBUTION NETWORKDOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTIONDRINKING WATERECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC VIABILITYELECTRICITYELECTRICITY TARIFFSELECTRIFICATIONFINANCIAL BURDENFLEETSFLOODSFLUSH TOILETSFREIGHTFUELGASGAS SUPPLYGAS TURBINEGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGENERATION OF ELECTRICITYGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROUNDWATERGROWTH RATESHOUSEHOLD BUDGETSHYDROPOWERINFRASTRUCTURE ASSETSINFRASTRUCTURE COSTSINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE FUNDINGINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE SERVICESINFRASTRUCTURE SPENDINGINTERNATIONAL GATEWAYSINTERNATIONAL SHIPPINGINTERNATIONAL SHIPPING LINESINTERNATIONAL TRAVELINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT TARGETSIRRIGATIONKILOWATT-HOURKILOWATT-HOURSLANDLORD MODELLOCOMOTIVELOW TARIFFSMARKET PRICESMINERAL RESOURCESNATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURENATURAL RESOURCESO&MOILOIL PRICESOIL PRODUCTIONOPEN ACCESSOPERATIONAL DEFICIENCIESOPERATIONAL PERFORMANCEOPERATORSPIPED WATERPIPELINEPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR QUALITY OF WATERPOPULATION CENTERSPOPULATION DENSITYPORT OPERATIONSPOWERPOWER CONSUMPTIONPOWER COSTSPOWER DEMANDPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATION CAPACITYPOWER GRIDPOWER SECTORPOWER SHORTAGESPOWER SYSTEMPRESENT VALUEPRICE DIFFERENTIALPRICE OF OILPRIVATE OPERATORPRIVATE PARTICIPATIONPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPROVISION OF WATERPUBLIC FUNDINGPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICESQUALITY OF SERVICERAILRAIL COSTSRAIL INFRASTRUCTURERAIL NETWORKRAIL OPERATORRAIL SERVICERAIL TRAFFICRAILWAYRAILWAYSRAINFALLRELIABILITY OF SUPPLYREVENUE COLLECTIONROADROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD NETWORKSROAD QUALITYROAD SECTORROAD TRAFFICROAD TRANSPORTROADSROLLING STOCKROUTEROUTESRUNOFFRURAL ROADSRURAL WATERSANITATIONSANITATION FACILITYSANITATION SECTORSANITATION UTILITIESSERVICE QUALITYSHIPPING LINESSLUMSSPEEDSSTORAGE CAPACITYSURFACE TRANSPORTSURFACE WATERTAPSTAXTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICESTELEPHONE NETWORKSTELEPHONE SERVICETHERMAL PLANTTHERMAL POWERTOLLTRAFFICTRAFFIC DENSITYTRAFFIC LEVELSTRAFFIC VOLUMESTRANSITTRANSMISSION LINESTRANSPORT INDICATORSTRANSPORT INDUSTRYTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MARKETTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT QUALITYTRANSPORTATIONTRUCK PROCESSINGURBAN AREASURBAN ROADURBAN ROADSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN WATERURBAN WATER SUPPLYUTILITY BILLSUTILITY EFFICIENCYUTILITY SERVICESVEHICLESVOICE TELEPHONYWATER COLLECTIONWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMSWATER COMPANYWATER CONNECTIONSWATER CONSUMPTIONWATER DISTRIBUTIONWATER INVESTMENTSWATER POLICYWATER QUALITYWATER RESOURCEWATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTWATER SECTORWATER SERVICEWATER SERVICESWATER SOURCEWATER STANDPOSTSWATER STORAGEWATER SUPPLYWATER TARIFFSWATER UTILITIESWATERSWEALTHWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5600