World Bank2012-06-122012-06-122007-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7846This study is intended to help Armenian policymakers better understand the main factors behind modest labor market outcomes and to identify policy options to create more and better jobs. The report is based on data from administrative statistics, labor force surveys, and household surveys. The objective of the study is to determine the main factors behind poor labor market outcomes in Armenia: high unemployment of long duration despite rapid economic growth. To do so, it will assess, first, the key characteristics of the demand for labor. These include (a) the impact of macroeconomic policies on job growth; (b) wage flexibility and unit labor costs; (c) cost-of-doing-business factors, including costs, risks, and barriers to competition faced by firms; and (d) employment promotion legislation and labor market institutions. Recommendations are made on policies that can promote an effective and sustainable increased demand for labor; second, the key characteristics of the supply of labor, including the impact of long-term demographic developments and labor migration, and the impact of social benefits on the reallocation of labor. Policy options are analyzed that can support the development of an efficient supply of labor to a modern high-wage market economy; and, third, the mechanisms by which employers and workers are brought into contact with each other, and recommend policies that support efficient and effective labor market institutions. The report consists of two volumes. Volume I provides an overview of the study and summarizes its conclusions. Volume II provides a more technical and detailed analysis of various aspects of labor market transition in Armenia.CC BY 3.0 IGOACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADEQUATE INCOMEADMINISTRATIVE DATAAGE GROUPAGE GROUPSAGGREGATE DEMANDANNUAL EARNINGSANNUAL WAGESAVERAGE WAGESCALCULATIONCALCULATIONSCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCHILD CARECHILD LABORCOBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTIONCONSTANT PRICESCONSUMERCONTRACT ENFORCEMENTCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTION PAYMENTSCONTRIBUTIONSDEBTSDECLINE IN FERTILITYDEMOGRAPHIC FACTORSDEPENDANTSEARNINGSEARTHQUAKEECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICSEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT LEVELEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PROMOTIONEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONEMPLOYMENT SERVICEEMPLOYMENT SITUATIONEMPLOYMENT STATUSEMPLOYMENT TRENDSFERTILITYFERTILITY RATEFERTILITY RATESFISCAL DEFICITSFISCAL SUBSIDIESFOREIGN INVESTMENTFUTURE GROWTHGENERAL PUBLICGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHIGH INVOLVEMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINCOMEINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINFLATIONINFORMAL ECONOMYINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL PRICESINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT POLICIESJOB CREATIONJOB INSECURITYJOB LOSSJOB LOSSESJOB SEARCHJOB SECURITYJOB SEEKERJOB SEEKERSJOB-SEEKERSJOBLESS GROWTHJOBSLABOR CODELABOR COSTLABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWSLABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKET REGULATIONLABOR MARKET SITUATIONLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR MOBILITYLABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR ORGANIZATIONLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SHORTAGESLABOR SUPPLYLABORERSLARGE ENTERPRISESLATE PAYMENTLAYOFFSLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDSLONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENTMACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCEMARKET ECONOMYMARKET INCENTIVESMARKET TRENDSMATERNITY LEAVEMINIMUM WAGESMONTHLY INCOMEMORTALITYNATURAL RESOURCESNEW JOBSNUTRITIONOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSOLDER WORKERSPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTPENSIONSPOPULATION CENSUSPOPULATION CENSUSESPOPULATION FORECASTSPRIVATE COMPANIESPRIVATE ENTERPRISESPRIVATE FIRMSPRIVATE MARKETPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR JOBSPRIVATE SECTORSPRIVATE TRANSFERSPRODUCTIVITY GAPPRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTSPRODUCTIVITY INCREASEPRODUCTIVITY LEVELSPROGRESSPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICEPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICESPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC SERVICESPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYRAPID GROWTHRAPID INFLATIONREAL INCOMEREAL WAGESREMITTANCEREMITTANCESREPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORRESPECTRETIREMENTRURAL AREASRURAL EMPLOYMENTSALARIESSALARYSAVINGSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESEASONAL WORKERSSELF-EMPLOYMENTSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL COSTSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESOCIAL SUPPORTSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESSTRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENTSUPPLIERSSUPPORT PROGRAMTEACHER RATIOTEACHER SALARIESTEMPORARY WORKERSTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRAINING COURSESTRANSPORTATIONUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT LEVELSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNPAID FAMILY WORKERSVALUABLEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONWAGEWAGE FLEXIBILITYWITHDRAWALWORKERWORKER PRODUCTIVITYWORKERSWORKING AGEWORKING HOURSWORKING-AGE POPULATIONYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESWorld Bank10.1596/7846