Ahmed, Ather MaqsoodAther, Robina2014-06-172014-06-172014https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18671The problems of high fiscal deficit, high current account deficit, and high inflation faced by the government of Pakistan are linked to Pakistan's weak tax revenue effort. There are concerns that revenue in Pakistan is raised in an inefficient way by favoring certain sectors and economic activities over others. The assessment of tax expenditures is often complicated because reporting and accounting practices fall far short of what is used for official government expenditures, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate the cost, efficiency and distributional impact of tax expenditures. The purpose of the study is to undertake a detailed assessment of tax expenditure in Pakistan, including an appropriate definition and methodologies for measuring tax expenditures. Considerable effort is required to develop and establish a suitable framework to identify, measure and critically assess the merits of tax expenditures on an annual basis. Pakistan is committed to increasing the transparency of tax policy by providing detailed estimates of tax expenditures. This paper provides a detailed assessment of tax expenditures in Pakistan, framework, and a methodology for measuring tax expenditures.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING STANDARDACCOUNTING STANDARDSADDED TAXAIRAIR FREIGHTAIR TRANSPORTAIRWAYSALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESAMORTIZATIONARREARSAUCTIONAUTOMOTIVE SECTORBANKING SERVICESBENEFICIARIESBROKERAGEBUSESBUSINESS CYCLECAPITAL GAINSCAPITAL LOSSESCARSCASH WITHDRAWALCASH WITHDRAWALSCDCELLULAR PHONECELLULAR PHONESCHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONSCOMMODITIESCOMPANY TAXCONCESSIONARY RATECONCESSIONARY RATESCONSUMER LOANSCORPORATE INCOME TAXCORPORATE TAXCREDIT COEFFICIENTCURRENCYCURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITDEBTDEBTSDEDUCTIONSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIESELDISPOSABLE INCOMESDIVIDENDSDOUBLE TAXATIONDOUBLE TAXATION TREATIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTENFORCEMENT MECHANISMEPZEQUIPMENTEXCISE DUTYEXCISE TAXEXCLUSIONEXPORTEXPORT PROCESSING ZONESEXPORTEREXPORTSFEDERAL TAXFINANCE CORPORATIONFINANCIAL SERVICESFINANCIAL STATEMENTSFISCAL DEFICITFISCAL DEFICITSFIXED ASSETSFLAT TAXFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN INVESTMENTFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGOVERNMENT SPENDINGGROWTH RATEHIGHWAYHOLDINGHOME MORTGAGEINCOME GROUPSINCOME TAX EXEMPTIONINCOME TAXESINCOMESINFLATIONINPUT TAXINSURANCEINTANGIBLEINTANGIBLE ASSETSINTANGIBLESINTEREST EXPENSESINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDSINVENTORYINVESTMENT TAX CREDITJUDGMENTLACK OF TRANSPARENCYLEVYLOANLOCAL GOVERNMENTMACROECONOMIC DATAMARKET ACCESSMOBILE PHONEMOBILE PHONESMORTGAGEMORTGAGE INTERESTMOTOR CARMOTOR VEHICLESMUTUAL FUNDSNATURAL DISASTERNEGATIVE SHOCKOUTPUTPASSENGER TRANSPORTPENSIONPENSION CONTRIBUTIONPENSION CONTRIBUTIONSPENSION FUNDPENSIONSPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRICE DIFFERENTIALPRIZE BONDPROGRESSIVE TAXPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SPENDINGRAILWAYRAPID GROWTHREAL ESTATEREBATESREFORM PROGRAMREMITTANCESRENEWABLE ENERGYRESERVERIDERROADROYALTIESROYALTYSALE OF GOODSSALES TAXSALES TAX RATESALES TAX RATESSECURITIESSHIPPING CONTAINERSSHOCK TO INCOMESINGLE TAXSTATE BANKSTOCK EXCHANGESTOCK MARKETSTRUCTURAL PROBLEMSSUNSET CLAUSETAXTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX BASETAX BASESTAX COLLECTIONTAX COLLECTIONSTAX COMPLIANCETAX CONCESSIONSTAX CREDITTAX CREDITSTAX DEDUCTIBLETAX DEFERRALTAX EVASIONTAX EXEMPTIONTAX EXEMPTIONSTAX EXPENDITURETAX EXPENDITURESTAX FREETAX LAWTAX LAWSTAX LIABILITIESTAX LIABILITYTAX MEASURESTAX PAYERSTAX POLICIESTAX POLICYTAX PREFERENCESTAX PROVISIONTAX PROVISIONSTAX RATETAX RATESTAX RECEIPTSTAX REFORMTAX REGIMETAX RETURNTAX RETURNSTAX REVENUETAX REVENUESTAX SALESTAX STRUCTURETAX SYSTEMTAX TREATMENTTAXABLE INCOMETAXATIONTAXPAYERTAXPAYERSTOLLTRADE DEFICITSTRADE FINANCETRADINGTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORTATIONTRUCKSTRUSTSTURNOVERVEHICLEVEHICLESVENTURE CAPITALVENTURE CAPITALSWITHDRAWALWITHHOLDING TAXWITHHOLDING TAXESWORLD ECONOMY10.1596/18671