Campos, FranciscoFrese, MichaelIacovone, LeonardoJohnson, Hillary C.Mensmann, MonaMcKenzie, David2025-06-042025-06-042025-06-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43290A large share of jobs in low-income countries are found in self-employment and small firms. Standard business training programs aim to increase the incomes in these firms by teaching a set of business practices. However, such efforts have had relatively limited impacts, with meta-analysis finding a 5-12% increase in sales and profits. It is also unclear how long such impacts last, and whether owners keep using the practices taught. Personal initiative training is a promising alternative approach which uses insights from psychology to develop a proactive, entrepreneurial mindset. We tested this approach in a World Bank project in Togo, comparing it to traditional business training, and followed firms for 7.5 years to test whether impacts persist.en-USCC BY-NC 3.0 IGOECONOMIC GROWTHDECENT WORKSMALL FIRMSBUSINESS PRACTICESSMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISESBriefWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/43290