Tan, HongSavchenko, YevgeniyaGimpelson, VladimirKapelyushnikov, RostislavLukyanova, Anna2012-06-042012-06-042007-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7080In the transition to a market economy, the Russian workforce underwent a wrenching period of change, with excess supply of some industrial skills coexisting with reports of skills shortages by many enterprises. This paper uses data from the Russia Competitiveness and Investment Climate Survey and related local research to gain insight into the changing supply and demand for skills over time, and the potential reasons for reported staffing problems and skills shortages, including labor turnover, compensation policies, and the inhibiting effects of labor regulations. It discusses in-service training as an enterprise strategy for meeting staffing and skills needs, and presents evidence on the distribution, intensity, and determinants of in-service training in Russia. It investigates the productivity and wage outcomes of in-service training, and the supportive role of training in firms' research and development and innovative activities. A final section concludes with some policy implications of the findings.CC BY 3.0 IGOACHIEVEMENT SCORESADULT LITERACYADULT LITERACY SURVEYADULTSAVERAGE SCOREAVERAGE WAGEAVERAGE WAGESCOMPLETION RATESDEMAND FOR EDUCATIONEDUCATED WORKERSEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURESEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONENROLLMENTENROLLMENT RATESFIRING COSTSFIRM PERFORMANCEFIRM SIZEFIRM SURVEYSFOREIGN OWNERSHIPFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEMGENERAL EDUCATIONGENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESIN-SERVICE TRAININGINDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURINGINFORMAL SECTORINFORMAL SECTOR WORKERSINSERVICE TRAININGJOB CREATIONJOB SEPARATIONJOB SKILLSJOB VACANCIESLABOR CONTRACTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR LAWSLABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET INDICATORSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SHORTAGELABOR SHORTAGESLABOR TURNOVERLABOR UTILIZATIONLAYOFFLEARNINGLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLITERACYLITERACY SURVEYLOCAL LABOR MARKETLOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONMATHEMATICSMINIMUM WAGESNET EMPLOYMENTOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSPAPERSPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPREVIOUS SECTIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLSPROBIT REGRESSIONPROBLEM SOLVINGPUPILSPUPILS PER TEACHERQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF INSTRUCTIONRATES OF RETURNRATES OF RETURN TO EDUCATIONREAL WAGESRETURNS TO EDUCATIONSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSSCHOOL GRADUATESSCHOOLINGSCHOOLING ATTAINMENTSCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE SECTORSERVICE TRAININGSKILL GROUPSKILL GROUPSSKILL MIXSKILLED LABORSKILLED WORKERSKILLED WORKERSSKILLED WORKFORCESOCIAL BENEFITSSTANDARDIZED TESTSSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSSTUDENT-TEACHER RATIOSTEACHER RATIOSTEACHINGTEACHING STAFFTECHNICAL COLLEGESTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL TRAININGTERTIARY EDUCATIONTEST SCORESTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING MARKETTRAINING PROGRAMSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIVERSITIESUNSKILLED WORKERUNSKILLED WORKERSVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE COMPRESSIONWAGE INEQUALITYWAGE PREMIUMWORKERWORKFORCE SKILLSWORKING CONDITIONSWORKING HOURSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4222