Monsalve, Carolina2014-01-092014-01-092013-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16547Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) generated from transport are among the fastest growing in Europe and in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, posing a challenge in creating a low-carbon future, as economic development has been paralleled with a modal share increasingly dominated by roads.1 This modal shift, as in the European Union (EU), has been driven by a number of factors, including growing affluence, suburbanization, and falling land use densities in urban areas, which have translated into more widespread vehicle ownership, increasing trip numbers and lengths, while reducing the financial viability of public transport and non-motorized transport. This paper begins by reviewing recent trends in transport and GHG emission trends in the ECA region, using trends in the EU-15 and EU-27 as comparators.8 Subsequently, it will provide an overview of climate friendly transport policies for the road, rail, and air transport modes, before presenting some land transport success stories and then turning to a discussion on how to use revenues generated from pricing policy instruments. The objective is to provide a menu of policy options to improve the functioning of the transport sector in ECA, while addressing the externalities generated by the sector.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOACCIDENT COSTSACCIDENT RATESACCIDENTSAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITY STANDARDSAIR TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT MODESBORDER CROSSINGSBUSBUS INFRASTRUCTUREBUS LANESBUSESCARBON DIOXIDECARBON MONOXIDECARBON TRANSPORTCLIMATE CHANGECONGESTION CHARGECONGESTION CHARGINGCONGESTION PRICINGCONGESTION REDUCTIONCONGESTION RELIEFCOSTS OF CONGESTIONCOSTS OF TRANSPORTCROSSINGSCRUDE OIL PRICECYCLE TRACKSDEMAND FOR MOBILITYDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTDIESELDIESEL VEHICLESDRIVERSDRIVINGEFFICIENT TRANSPORTEFFICIENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMELASTICITIES OF DEMANDELECTRONIC SYSTEMELECTRONIC TOLLELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONS DATAEMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFTEMISSIONS FROM ROADEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRAFFICEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORTEMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTEXHAUST EMISSIONSEXPRESSWAYSEXTERNALITIESFINANCE INFRASTRUCTUREFINANCIAL SAVINGSFREIGHTFREIGHT TRANSPORTFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICESFUEL SUBSIDIESFUEL TAXFUEL TAXESFUEL TYPEFUEL USEFUELSGASOLINE PRICESGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHEAVY TRAFFICHEAVY VEHICLESHIGH SPEED LINESHIGH SPEED TRAINSHIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLEHIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLESHIGHWAYHIGHWAY ADMINISTRATIONHIGHWAY CAPACITYHIGHWAY NETWORKHIGHWAYSHYBRID VEHICLESIMPACT OF TRANSPORTINLAND WATERWAYINLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORTJOURNEYJOURNEYSLAND TRANSPORTLAND USELANESLONG-DISTANCELONG-DISTANCE TRAVELLORRIESMASS TRANSITMETHANEMILEAGEMOBILITYMODAL CHOICEMODAL SHAREMODAL SHARESMODAL SHIFTMODAL SPLITMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORCYCLISTSMOTORISTSMOTORWAY TOLLSMOTORWAYSNATIONAL TRANSPORTNOISENOISE POLLUTIONODOMETERPASSENGER RAILPASSENGER TRAFFICPASSENGER TRANSPORTPASSENGER TRIPSPASSENGER VEHICLEPASSENGER VEHICLESPASSENGERSPEAK HOURSPEAK TRAFFICPEDESTRIANSPETROL VEHICLESPOLICEPRICE CHANGESPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE OF GASOLINEPRICE SENSITIVITIESPUBLIC ACCEPTABILITYPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSIT VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT MODEPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKRAILRAIL FREIGHTRAIL NETWORKRAIL TRANSPORTRAILWAYSROADROAD ACCIDENTSROAD CAPACITYROAD CHARGINGROAD DAMAGEROAD EMISSIONSROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD LANESROAD NETWORKROAD PRICINGROAD SECTORROAD SPACEROAD TAXROAD TOLLROAD TRANSPORTROAD TYPEROAD USEROAD USERROAD USER CHARGINGROAD USERSROADSROLLING STOCKROUTEROUTESRURAL MOTORISTSSAFETYSPEEDSSTREET PARKINGSTREET SPACESUBURBSSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTOLLTOLL BOOTHSTOLL LANESTOLL PLAZATOLL ROADTOLL ROADSTOLLSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRAFFIC REDUCTIONSTRAMTRANSIT USAGETRANSPORTTRANSPORT ACTIVITYTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT ELASTICITIESTRANSPORT EMISSIONSTRANSPORT FARESTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MODESTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT POLICY INSTITUTETRANSPORT PROBLEMSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONSTRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORT STATISTICSTRANSPORT TAXTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTSTRAVEL OPTIONSTRAVELERSTRIPTRIP FREQUENCYTRUCKSTUNNELSTYPES OF ROADURBAN CONGESTIONURBAN ROADSVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FLOWSVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE FUEL ECONOMYVEHICLE INSURANCEVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE MANUFACTURERSVEHICLE OPERATINGVEHICLE OWNERSVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLE REGISTRATIONVEHICLE REGISTRATION FEESVEHICLE TRAVELVEHICLE TRIPVEHICLE TRIPSVEHICLE TYPESVEHICLE USAGEVEHICLE USEVEHICLES PER HOURWALKINGWorld Bank10.1596/16547