Wheeler, David2017-08-282017-08-282009https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28024There is no longer any serious debate about whether greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are altering the earth's climate. There is also a broad consensus that efficient mitigation of emissions will require carbon pricing via market based instruments (charges or auctioned tradable permits). The remaining controversies stem mostly from economic and technological forecasting uncertainties, disputes about global and intergenerational equity, and political divisions over collective measures to combat climate change. Near term closure seems unlikely on any of these fronts, but the science is now sufficiently compelling that a global consensus supports concerted action. Developing countries must be full participants, because they will be most heavily impacted by global warming, and because the scale of their emissions is rapidly approaching parity with developed countries.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTABATEMENT COSTSABSORPTIONALLOCATIONALTERNATIVE POLICIESANNUAL EMISSIONSANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONSARCTIC OCEANATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC CARBONATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATUREAUCTIONAVERAGE TEMPERATUREBENEFIT COST ANALYSISBIOMASSCAPITAL MARKETSCARBONCARBON ACCUMULATIONCARBON CYCLECARBON CYCLE MODELCARBON CYCLE MODELSCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FERTILIZATIONCARBON FIXATIONCARBON MITIGATIONCARBON PRICECARBON PRICESCARBON RELEASECARBON SOURCESCHANGES IN THE EARTHCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSCLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONSCLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEMCLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOSCLIMATE POLICYCLIMATE SCIENCECLIMATE SCIENTISTSCLIMATE SYSTEMCO2COALCOASTAL POPULATIONSCOASTAL STORMSCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISCONCENTRATION PATHSCONVECTIONCONVERGENCECOST ANALYSESCOST BENEFIT ANALYSISCOST EFFECTIVENESSCOST ESTIMATESCOST FUNCTIONSCUMULATIVE EMISSIONSDAMAGESDEEP OCEANDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDIFFUSIONDISCOUNT RATEDROUGHTDYNAMICS OF GROWTHECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGEECONOMISTSEFFICIENT REGULATIONEMISSIONEMISSIONS CONTROLEMISSIONS LIMITSEMISSIONS MITIGATIONEMISSIONS PATHSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS TARGETSEMPIRICAL RESEARCHENERGY DEMANDENERGY SOURCESENERGY SYSTEMENERGY SYSTEMSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETSENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYENVIRONMENTSEVAPORATIONEXPENDITURESEXTREME POVERTYFINANCIAL LOSSESFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL TRANSFERSFISCAL POLICIESFLOODSFORESTFOSSIL ENERGYFOSSIL ENERGY SYSTEMSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTIONFOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONSFOSSIL FUEL RESOURCESFOSSIL FUELSGHGGLACIERSGLOBAL EMISSIONSGLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHISTORICAL EMISSIONSHURRICANEHURRICANESICE AGEICE CAPSICE SHEETSIMPORTSINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONSINSURANCEINSURANCE COVERAGEINTERGENERATIONAL EQUITYINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSIPCCIRREVERSIBILITYLAND USELAND USE CHANGELEVELS OF EMISSIONSLONG RUN COSTMINESNATIONAL EMISSIONSOCEAN CARBONOCEANSPENALTIESPER CAPITA INCOMEPLANT GROWTHPOLAR ICEPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHERSPOLLUTANT EMISSIONPOLLUTANTSPOLLUTERSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CHARGESPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPOLLUTION REGULATIONPOPULATION GROWTHPORTFOLIOPOWER GENERATIONPOWER PLANTSPRODUCERSPROPERTY RIGHTSRAINFALLREDUCTION OF POLLUTIONREFLECTIVITYRELATIVE PRICERENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCERESOURCE CONSERVATIONRESOURCE ECONOMICSRESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGESCENARIOSSEA LEVEL RISESINKSOLAR ENERGYSOLAR POWERSOLAR RADIATIONSTORM SURGESSTORMSSTREAMSTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETEMPERATURETOTAL ENERGY DEMANDTOXIC POLLUTANTSTRADABLE PERMITTRADABLE PERMITSTRADE SYSTEMTRADEOFFSTROPICAL CYCLONESTURBULENCEUNCERTAINTIESWASTEWASTE STREAMWINDWMOWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28024