Bown, Chad P.2013-01-252013-01-252013-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12161Trade policy commitments to lower import tariffs and to maintain tariffs at low levels entail short and long-run political-economic costs and benefits. Empirical work examining the relationship between such commitments and the exercise of trade policy flexibilities is still relatively nascent, especially for emerging economies. This paper provides a rich, empirically-based assessment of ways that Turkey exercised trade policy flexibilities during the global economic crisis of 2008-11. First, and despite multilateral and customs union commitments that might limit changes to applied tariffs, Turkey made changes to both its applied Most Favored Nation and preferential tariffs that cumulatively affect nearly 9 percent of manufacturing imports and 10 percent of import product lines. Second, Turkey's cumulative application of temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies -- antidumping, safeguards and countervailing duties -- are estimated to impact by 2011 an additional 4 percent of imports and 6 percent of product lines. Other surprising results on Turkey's use of flexibilities include: extending the duration of previously imposed antidumping and safeguards beyond expected removal dates, removing one TTB policy over a set of products and immediately reapplying a different TTB policy, covering lengthy upstream and downstream segments of important industries, and deepening discriminatory preference margins already inherent in existing preferential trade agreements.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAFFECTING IMPORTSAGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTUREANTI-DUMPING DUTYANTI-DUMPING MEASURESANTIDUMPINGANTIDUMPING ACTIONSANTIDUMPING FILINGSANTIDUMPING MEASURESANTIDUMPING POLICYAPPARELAPPLIED TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFFBARRIERS ON IMPORTSBILATERAL IMPORTSBUSINESS CYCLESCOMMERCIAL POLICYCONCESSIONSCONSUMERSCOUNTERVAILING DUTIESCOUNTERVAILING MEASURESCURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITCURRENT ACCOUNT IMBALANCECURRENT ACCOUNT POSITIONCUSTOMSCUSTOMS DUTIESCUSTOMS UNIONCUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENTCUSTOMS UNION FORMATIONDEBTDEBT CRISISDEPRECIATIONSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIRECTION OF TRADEDISPUTE MEASURESDISPUTE SETTLEMENTDOMESTIC INDUSTRIESDOMESTIC INDUSTRYDOMESTIC LEGISLATIONDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOMESTIC SUPPORTECONOMETRIC ANALYSISECONOMIC CONTRACTIONECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC SHOCKECONOMIC THEORIESECONOMIC THEORYESCAPE CLAUSEEUROPEAN UNIONEXCHANGE RATESEXPORT COMPETITIONEXPORT CREDITEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT PRODUCTSEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNAL TARIFFEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL CRISISFOREIGN COMPETITORSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXPORTERSFOREIGN FIRMFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN SOURCESFOREIGN SUPPLIERSFOREIGN TRADEFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSFUTURE RESEARCHGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFSGEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONSGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBAL TRADEHIGH-INCOME COUNTRIESIMBALANCESIMPORTIMPORT DATAIMPORT DEMANDIMPORT DUTIESIMPORT GROWTHIMPORT POLICYIMPORT PROCEDURESIMPORT PRODUCTIMPORT PRODUCTSIMPORT PROTECTIONIMPORT REGIMEIMPORT RESTRICTIONSIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORT VALUEIMPORTS OF POULTRYIMPORTS OF TEXTILESINCOMEINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESSINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL RULESINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTSLOCAL CURRENCIESLOSS OF COMPETITIVENESSLOW TARIFFMACROECONOMIC CONDITIONSMACROECONOMIC CRISISMACROECONOMIC FACTORSMACROECONOMIC INDICATORSMACROECONOMIC SHOCKSMANAGED TRADEMARKET ACCESSMARKET POWERMOST FAVORED NATIONMULTILATERAL RULESNATIONAL TRADE POLICYNON-TARIFF BARRIERSOPTIMAL TARIFFSPANEL REPORTPANEL REPORTSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOTENTIAL BENEFITSPREFERENTIAL TARIFFPREFERENTIAL TARIFFSPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTSPRICE UNDERTAKINGPROTECTIONISMPROTECTIONISTRAPID GROWTHREAL DEPRECIATIONREAL EXCHANGE RATEREAL GDPRECESSIONRELATIVELY LOW INFLATIONSAFEGUARD MEASURESSOURCINGSOVEREIGNTYTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF BINDINGTARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF INCREASETARIFF INCREASESTARIFF LEVELSTARIFF LINETARIFF LINESTARIFF POLICYTARIFF PREFERENCESTARIFF QUOTATARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF SCHEDULETARIFF TREATMENTTAXATIONTEXTILE IMPORTSTEXTILE INDUSTRYTOTAL EXPORTSTOTAL IMPORTSTRADE AGREEMENTTRADE ALERTTRADE BARRIERTRADE BARRIERSTRADE DIVERSIONTRADE DIVERSION COSTSTRADE FLOWSTRADE IMBALANCETRADE INDICATORSTRADE LIBERALISATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE MOTIVESTRADE NEGOTIATORSTRADE PARTNERSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTSTRADE POLICY REVIEWTRADE REGIMETRADE REGIMESTRADE RESTRICTIVENESSTRADE STATISTICSTRADEMARKSTRADING PARTNERTRADING PARTNERSTRADING SYSTEMUNCERTAINTYUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE OF TRADEWEIGHTSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6322