Shah, Anwar2014-06-202014-06-202012-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18703The almost unanimous passage of a landmark consensus constitutional amendment "the 18th Constitutional Amendment" restored Pakistan's constitution to its original intent of a decentralized federation of four provinces as envisaged in the 1956 and 1973 constitutions. This amendment was hailed by policy makers and academics alike as a major step forward in reforming the multi-order governance in Pakistan. This paper takes a closer look at the provisions of this amendment and highlights both the potentials and pitfalls of the new constitutional order for good governance in Pakistan. The paper concludes that the amendment must be seen as a first yet small and incomplete step in reforming multi-order governance in Pakistan. A large unfinished reform agenda remains to be charted.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEABUSE OF POWERACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCEACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMSACCOUNTINGADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMYADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITYADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATIONADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCYASSETSAUTHORITYBUREAUCRACYBUREAUCRATIC SYSTEMCENTRAL CONTROLCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCENTRAL GOVERNMENT MINISTRIESCENTRAL GOVERNMENTSCENTRAL POLICIESCENTRALIZATIONCITIESCITIZEN PARTICIPATIONCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIL SERVANTSCIVIL SERVICE REFORMSCOLLUSIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISCONSENSUSCONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTCONSTITUTIONAL REFORMCONSTITUTIONAL STATUSCONSTITUTIONSCORRUPTIONDECENTRALIZATIONDECISION MAKINGDEMOCRACIESDEMOCRACYDEMOCRATIC CONTROLDEMOCRATIC REGIMEDEMOCRATIC REGIMESDEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURESDICTATORSHIPDIFFERENTIALSDISCRETIONDISCRIMINATIONDISTRIBUTION ACROSS PROVINCESDISTRIBUTION OF INCOMEDIVISION OF POWERSDUE PROCESSELECTED OFFICIALSEMERGENCY POWERSENACTMENTETHICEXPENDITURE DECENTRALIZATIONEXPENDITURESFEDERAL BUDGETFEDERAL CONSTITUTIONFEDERAL COUNTRIESFEDERAL DEFICITFEDERAL EMPLOYEESFEDERAL FINANCESFEDERAL GOVERNMENTFEDERAL GUARANTEESFEDERAL INTERVENTIONFEDERAL LEGISLATIONFEDERAL POLICIESFEDERAL REVENUEFEDERAL SYSTEMSFEDERAL TRANSFERSFEDERAL-PROVINCIALFEDERALISMFEDERATIONSFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL SECTORFISCAL CRISISFISCAL DECENTRALIZATIONFISCAL DISCIPLINEFISCAL FEDERALISMFISCAL GAPFISCAL TRANSFERSFOREIGN LOANSGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE REFORMGOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITYGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGOVERNMENT AUTHORITYGOVERNMENT DECISIONGOVERNMENT ENTITIESGOVERNMENT LEVELGOVERNMENT MINISTRIESGOVERNMENT OFFICIALSGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIPGOVERNMENT PERFORMANCEGOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIESGOVERNMENT ROLEGOVERNMENT SPENDINGGOVERNMENT SPENDING POWERSGOVERNMENT STRUCTURESGOVERNORSHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTHUMAN RIGHTSINTEGRITYLACK OF ACCOUNTABILITYLACK OF SECURITYLARGE PROVINCESLAWSLEADERSHIPLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGISLATIONLEGISLATORSLEGITIMACYLEVELS OF GOVERNMENTLOCAL ACCOUNTABILITYLOCAL AUTONOMYLOCAL COUNCILSLOCAL DECISION MAKINGLOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMACROECONOMIC POLICYMAYORSMEDIAMEMBER STATESMETROPOLITAN AREASMILITARY REGIMEMILITARY REGIMESMINISTERMINISTERSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMUNICIPALITIESNATIONAL CONSENSUSNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIESNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSNATIONAL OBJECTIVESNATIONAL PLANNINGNATIONSPATRONAGEPENALTIESPENALTYPOLICEPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL CONSENSUSPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOLITICIANSPORK BARRELPRIVATIZATIONPROVINCEPROVINCESPROVINCIAL BORROWINGPROVINCIAL BOUNDARIESPROVINCIAL CAPITALSPROVINCIAL FINANCESPROVINCIAL FINANCINGPROVINCIAL FUNCTIONSPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTSPROVINCIAL LEVELPROVINCIAL LEVELSPROVINCIAL OWNERSHIPPROVINCIAL ROLESPUBLIC AFFAIRSPUBLIC DEBTPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC GOVERNANCEPUBLIC MONIESPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCEPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SPENDINGRATIONALIZATIONREGULATORY AGENCYREGULATORY AUTHORITYREGULATORY POWERSREGULATORY REGIMESREVENUE SHARINGREVENUE SHARING SYSTEMREVOLUTIONRISK MANAGEMENTROLE OF STATESRULE OF LAWSERVICE DELIVERYSIZE OF GOVERNMENTSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETYSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINTSSUB-NATIONALSUB-NATIONAL EXPENDITURESSUBNATIONALTAXTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX BASETAX COLLECTIONTAX DECENTRALIZATIONTAX EFFORTTAX EVASIONTAX RATETAX RATESTAX REFORMTAX REFORMSTAX SYSTEMTAXATIONTAXES ON PROPERTYTAXPAYERSTRANSPARENCY10.1596/18703