World Bank2015-08-192015-08-192015-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22501This report, funded by the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD), seeks to identify labor market inequalities in the ten countries outlined above, to relate these inequalities to other forms of social exclusion, and to propose areas for policy action aimed at boosting labor market participation. The remainder of the report is structured as follows. Chapter two describes the role that jobs play in fostering good living standards, productivity and social cohesion, and contextualizes the discussion on jobs and participation in the ten countries. Chapter three zooms in, highlighting inequalities in labor force participation across demographic groups. Chapter four shifts the focus to the factors explaining unequal labor force participation across groups, and discusses a policy agenda for these ten countries, drawing on experiences from the rest of the world. Chapter five concludes.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOJOBSEMPLOYMENTCHILD WORKHOUSEHOLD SURVEYEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT PATTERNSPRODUCTIVITY LEVELSLABOUR OFFICEWAGE GAPSKILLED WORKERSRETIREMENTPREVIOUS SECTIONINFORMAL SECTORYOUTH EMPLOYMENTMINIMUM WAGELABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR MARKET NEEDSPROTECTING WORKERSPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESSKILLS DEVELOPMENTAGE GROUPLABOR FORCEHEALTH INSURANCEPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTJOBPRIVATE SECTOR FIRMSFEMALE EMPLOYMENTEFFICIENT LABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET REGULATIONPRIVATE EMPLOYMENTLABOR ECONOMICSSERVANTSWAGE DETERMINATIONWAGE LEVELEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSTRAINING PROGRAMSLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONDISMISSED WORKERSPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICESLABOR MARKET POLICIESEMPLOYMENT TRENDSINEXPERIENCED WORKERSJOB PERFORMANCEEARLY RETIREMENTPART - TIME EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESACTIVE LABORDRIVERSJOB SEEKERSMALE WORKERSWORK EXPERIENCEMATERNITY LEAVEEMPLOYMENT LEVELINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONLABOR MARKETEMPLOYMENT POLICIESPERFORMANCE INDICATORSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTPRIVATE PROVIDERSECONOMIC MOBILITYWAGE FLOORSEDUCATIONAL SERVICEWORKERDEADWEIGHT LOSSESPUBLIC SECTOR JOBSPREVIOUS STUDIESACTIVE LABOR MARKETJOB INFORMATIONUNEMPLOYEDOLDER WORKERSLABOR POLICYJOB MARKETHOUSEHOLD INCOMEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSDEADWEIGHTDOWNWARD PRESSUREUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT SYSTEMSLABORPRIME AGEPRIMARY SCHOOLTOTAL EMPLOYMENTJOB SEARCHMINIMUM WAGESWORKING MOTHERSWAGE LEVELSFEMALE LABOREXPECTED WAGESACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIESUNEMPLOYMENTEXPECTED WAGEEMPLOYMENT OFFICELABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATIONHUMAN CAPITALHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESPREVIOUS WORKWORKERSLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET PROGRAMSYOUNG WORKERSLABOR LAWSREGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATELOCAL LABOR MARKETSEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONAVERAGE WAGE PREMIUMLABOR DEMANDSUBSTITUTION EFFECTSACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSAVERAGE WAGECLERKSLABOR MARKET EFFICIENCYWAGE PREMIUMOCCUPATIONSLABOUR MARKETAGE GROUPSDISADVANTAGED YOUTHPRIVATE PROVISIONSAFETY NETEMPLOYMENT SERVICESPERMANENT EMPLOYMENTLABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICSWAGE FLOORLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSDISADVANTAGED GROUPSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESJOB CREATIONLABOR RELATIONSPRIVATE SECTOREARNINGLABOR MOBILITYPAYROLL TAXESLABOR MARKET PERFORMANCELIFE-LONG LEARNINGWAGE POLICYPRIVATE SECTOR JOBSLABOR ORGANIZATIONJOB HISTORYSERVICE SECTORSUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITLABOUR FORCEEMPLOYABILITYDISMISSALJOB FAIRSWORKING CONDITIONSHUMAN RESOURCESREGIONAL LABOR FORCEEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIESFEMALE LABOR FORCELABOR MARKET REGULATIONSEMPLOYEEYOUNGER WORKERSWAGE DIFFERENTIALSYOUTH TRAININGLABOR SUPPLYHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTCHILD LABORINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSPRIMARY EDUCATIONAGE CATEGORYSUPPLIERSLABOURLABOR MARKETSECONOMIC SHOCKSLOW EMPLOYMENTAGGREGATE EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR MARKET INFORMATIONEMPLOYEESReportWorld Bank10.1596/22501