Bernard M., HoekmanBown, Chad P.2012-06-082012-06-082007-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7525Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal World Trade Organization trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper examines the political-economic causes of the failure to challenge poor countries, and discusses the static and dynamic costs and externality implications of this failure. Given the weak incentives to enforce World Trade Organization rules and disciplines against small and poor members, bolstering the transparency function of the World Trade Organization is important for making trade agreements more relevant to trade constituencies in developing countries. Although the paper focuses on the World Trade Organization system, the arguments also apply to reciprocal North-South trade agreements.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSIONADVERSE EFFECTAGREEMENT ON TRADEAGRICULTURAL TARIFFSANTI-DUMPING DUTIESANTI-DUMPING MEASURESANTIDUMPINGANTIDUMPING DATABASEANTIDUMPING DUTIESANTIDUMPING MEASURESAPPELLATE BODYAPPLIED TARIFFBALANCE OF CONCESSIONSCASE LAWCLOTHING INDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSCONCESSIONSCONSUMER INTERESTSCONSUMERSCORE BUSINESSCOUNTERVAILING DUTIESCUSTOMSCUSTOMS VALUATIONDEMOCRATIC SOCIETIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTSDEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETDEVELOPING ECONOMIESDEVELOPING ECONOMYDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIFFERENTIAL TREATMENTDISPUTE RESOLUTIONDISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCESSDISPUTE SETTLEMENTDISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODYDISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURESDISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESSDISPUTE SETTLEMENT RULESDISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEMDOMESTIC COURTSDOMESTIC INDUSTRIESDOMESTIC INDUSTRYDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRODUCERSDOMESTIC REFORMDUMPINGECONOMIC COSTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSECONOMIC LAWECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC THEORYECONOMIC WELFAREECONOMICS LITERATUREEUROPEAN UNIONEXPORT MARKETEXPORT MARKETSEXPORTING COUNTRYEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESEXTERNALITYFOREIGN COMPETITIONFOREIGN COUNTRYFOREIGN EXPORTERSFOREIGN GOVERNMENTFOREIGN GOVERNMENTSFOREIGN INDUSTRIESFREE RIDERSFREE TRADEGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICESGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCESIMPLEMENTATION OF COMMITMENTSIMPORT COMPETITIONIMPORT MARKETSIMPORT PENETRATIONIMPORT PROTECTIONIMPORT RESTRICTIONSIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTS OF TEXTILESINCENTIVE STRUCTUREINCOMEINCOME GROUPINDUSTRIAL STRUCTUREINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL BUSINESSINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAWINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMINVESTIGATIVE PROCEDUREINVESTMENT TREATIESLDCSLEGAL ASSISTANCELOW TARIFFSLOW-INCOME ECONOMIESMARKET ACCESSMARKET STRUCTUREMEMBER COUNTRIESMIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIESMULTILATERAL DISCIPLINESMULTILATERAL RULESMULTILATERAL SURVEILLANCEMULTILATERAL TRADENATIONAL TRADE REMEDY LAWSNON-TARIFF BARRIEROUTSOURCINGOVERHEAD COSTSPANEL PROCESSPERFORMANCE DATAPOLICY CHANGEPOLICY CHANGESPOLICY PRIORITIESPOLICY REFORMSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL REASONSPOOR COUNTRIESPORTFOLIOPOSITIVE EXTERNALITYPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTION PROCESSPROTECTIONISMRECIPROCAL CONCESSIONSRECIPROCITYREGIONALISMREGULATORSREPUTATIONROUND AGREEMENTSAFEGUARD MEASURESSMALL COUNTRIESSMALL COUNTRYTARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF REDUCTIONSTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETERMS OF TRADETRADE AGENDATRADE AGREEMENTTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE AREATRADE DISPUTETRADE DISPUTESTRADE EFFECTSTRADE EXTERNALITIESTRADE INTERESTSTRADE ISSUESTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATION COMMITMENTSTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE OPENNESSTRADE PERFORMANCETRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISMTRADE PREFERENCESTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE REMEDIESTRADE REMEDY LAWSTRADE RESTRICTIONTRADE RESTRICTIONSTRADE ROUNDSTRADING PARTNERTRADING PARTNERSTRANSITION COUNTRIESTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPARENCYTREATIESTREATY OBLIGATIONSTRIPS AGREEMENTURUGUAY ROUNDVALUATIONVALUE OF TRADEWAGESWELFARE GAINSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWORLD TRADING SYSTEMWTOWTO AGREEMENTSWTO COMMITMENTSWTO MEMBERSWTO MEMBERSHIPWTO RULESWTO SECRETARIATWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4450