World Bank2012-12-032012-12-032012-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/11869This report investigates Egypt's regional economic growth, explores the causes for geographically unbalanced development, and proposes policy options to make unbalanced growth compatible with inclusive development. Regional disparities in income and consumption may be attributed to differences in natural endowments and geographical location, but unbalanced growth is mostly due to economies of scale, spillover effects, and the lower transaction costs that result from agglomeration. In Egypt, despite rapid progress in most welfare indicators in lagging regions, there are still substantial gaps in consumption and opportunities between growth poles and the rest of the country. Adopting integration as a development platform is not simple because spatial disparities are spanned in three dimensions: urban/rural dichotomies, the upper Egypt/lower Egypt duality, and the differences between large metropolises and the rest of the country. This typology of instruments underlies the menu of options presented in this report as the basis of domestic spatial integration as a development platform to achieve more balanced and equitable development without sacrificing growth. This report first identifies the gaps in consumption and in opportunities, showing the stark contrasts between regions and how they evolve through time. It then explores the causes of the gaps, revealing a multiplicity of factors and exposing the complexity of the problem. Finally, the bulk of the report presents the policy options to address the integration challenges.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO SANITATIONACCESS TO SERVICESADEQUATE NUTRITIONAFFORDABLE HOUSINGAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAIRALLOCATION OF RESOURCESALLOCATIONS ACROSS REGIONSANTENATAL CAREBABIESBASIC EDUCATIONCAPITAL INVESTMENTCARCARIBBEAN REGIONCARSCITIZENSCLEAN WATERCONGESTIONCONGESTION COSTCONGESTION COSTSCONGESTION INDEXCONSUMPTION AGGREGATECONSUMPTION BASKETCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION PER CAPITACOST OF TRANSPORTCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCREDIT MARKETSDEMAND FOR ROAD TRAVELDEMOGRAPHIC FACTORSDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVESDEVELOPMENT PLANNINGDRIVINGEARLY CHILDHOODECONOMIES OF SCALEEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL SERVICESEFFECT OF CONGESTIONENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEQUAL ACCESSEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYEXTERNALITIESEXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDSFAMILIES WITH CHILDRENFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD PRODUCTIONGASOLINEGASOLINE PRICEGASOLINE TAXESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH EXPENDITUREHEALTH SERVICESHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSINGHOUSING ALTERNATIVESHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTILLEGAL PARKINGILLITERACYILLITERACY RATEIMMUNIZATIONINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINEQUALITYINFORMATION SYSTEMINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINSPECTIONINTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL TRADEINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONLABOR FORCELAGGING REGIONSLAND ASSETSLAND MANAGEMENTLAND RECLAMATIONLAND SCARCITYLAND TITLINGLAND USELANDHOLDINGSLARGE CITIESLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL DEVELOPMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL INFRASTRUCTURELOCAL ROADSMARITAL STATUSMASS TRANSITMETROPOLITAN REGIONMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORTMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION FLOWSMILEAGEMOBILITYMODAL SHIFTMORTALITYMOTHERNATAL CARENATIONAL LEVELNUMBER OF ADULTSNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF PEOPLENUTRITIONODOMETEROPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIVIDUALSPATRONAGEPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLLUTIONPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR PERSONPOOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION SIZEPOSTNATAL CAREPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRENATAL CAREPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOLINGPROGRESSPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGPUBLIC TRANSPORTQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF LIFERATE OF GROWTHRATES OF GROWTHREGIONAL ALLOCATIONREGIONAL COMPARISONREGIONAL CONTEXTREGIONAL DIFFERENCESREGIONAL DIMENSIONREGIONAL DISPARITIESREGIONAL DISPARITYREGIONAL DISTRIBUTIONREGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTHREGIONAL FACTORSREGIONAL GAPSREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL LOCATIONREGIONAL PERSPECTIVEREMOTE LOCATIONSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE ALLOCATIONSRESOURCE CONSTRAINTSRING ROADRISING CONSUMPTIONROADROAD CONGESTIONROAD DESIGNROAD IMPROVEMENTROAD NETWORKROAD QUALITYROADSRURALRURAL AREARURAL AREASRURAL FAMILIESRURAL GAPRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL POPULATIONRURAL WELFARESANITATIONSCHOOL AGESCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOLINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLINGSERVICE PROVISIONSMALL FARMERSMALL FARMERSSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSPATIAL STRATEGIESSPILLOVERSUBSISTENCESUSTAINABLE GROWTHTAXTEACHER RATIOTOLLSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIMESTRUEUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSAL ACCESSUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUPPER INCOME GROUPSURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSURBAN COMMUNITIESURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN WOMENURBANIZATIONVACCINESVEHICLEVICIOUS CYCLEWEALTHWELFARE INDICATORWELFARE MEASURESWORKER PRODUCTIVITYWORKING-AGE POPULATIONWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/11869