Gisselquist, DavidNash, JohnPray, Carl2013-12-192013-12-192002World Bank Research Observerhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/16422Many transition and developing economies have reduced direct public involvement in the production and trade of seed and other agricultural inputs. This trend creates opportunities for farmers to realize improved access to inputs, including technology from international private research. Unfortunately, input regulations often derail these opportunities by blocking private entry and the introduction of private technology. This study looks at the experience in Bangladesh, India, Turkey, and Zimbabwe to see whether regulations make a difference in agriculture and input industries in developing economies. In all countries, companies and farmers responded to regulatory reforms by introducing and adopting more new technology and by expanding the production, trade, and use of inputs. The increased use of private technology has brought higher yields and incomes, allowing farmers and consumers to reach higher levels of welfare. These results challenge governments to open their regulatory systems to allow market entry and the introduction of private technology through seeds and other inputs.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOACTUAL YIELDSAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL EXPERTSAGRICULTURAL GROWTHAGRICULTURAL INPUTAGRICULTURAL INPUTSAGRICULTURAL MARKETINGAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGYAGRICULTUREAGRONOMYANIMAL WASTESATTRIBUTESAVERAGE YIELDAVERAGE YIELDSBARRIERS TO ENTRYBORDER PRICESBRANDBRAND NAMEBRAND NAMESBRANDSBREEDER SEEDBREEDINGCGIARCGIAR RESEARCHCGIAR SYSTEMCOARSE CEREALSCOARSE GRAINSCOLLABORATIONCOMMERCIAL SEEDCOMMODITIESCOMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENTCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCOMPONENTSCOMPUTER PROGRAMSCOMPUTERSCONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHCONSUMER GOODSCONTRACT GROWERSCOTTONCROPCROP PROFITABILITYCROP YIELDSCROPSCULTIVARSDATESDISEASESDOMESTIC MARKETSDRIP IRRIGATIONE-MAILEQUIPMENTEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURESEXTERNALITIESFARMFARM INCOMEFARM INCOMESFARMERFARMERSFERTILIZERFERTILIZER USEFERTILIZERSFIELD CROPSFISHERIESFOOD PRODUCTSFOOD SUPPLIESGENETIC IMPROVEMENTGERM PLASMGRAINGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH IN AGRICULTUREHARVESTERSHARVESTINGHIGH-YIELDING VARIETIESHORMONESHYBRID MAIZEHYBRID SEEDHYBRIDSICRISATINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINTERNATIONAL MARKETSIRRIGATIONJUTELABOR MARKETLEMONSLIVESTOCKLIVESTOCK FEEDLIVESTOCK PRODUCTSMAIZEMAIZE PRODUCTIONMAIZE YIELDSMARKET ACCESSMARKET DISTORTIONSMARKET ECONOMIESMARKET ENTRYMARKET FORCESMARKET INFORMATIONMARKET SHAREMILLETMONOPOLIESMONOPOLYNASHNATIONAL RESEARCHNETWORKSNEW TECHNOLOGIESNEW TECHNOLOGYNICHE MARKETSNITROGEN FERTILIZERSNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSOILSEEDOILSEEDSOPEN SYSTEMSOROBANCHEPAPAYAPEARL MILLETPEST MANAGEMENTPESTICIDEPESTICIDESPESTSPLANT BREEDERSPLANT VARIETY PROTECTIONPLANTINGPOTATOPOTATOESPOULTRYPOULTRY INDUSTRYPRICE CONTROLSPRIVATE SEED COMPANIESPRIVATE SEED INDUSTRYPRODUCEPRODUCT LINESPRODUCT QUALITYPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROGRAMSPUBLIC AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHREGISTERSREGULATORY REFORMRESEARCH ORGANIZATIONSRESEARCH PROGRAMSRETAILRETAIL TRADERICERICE CROPSRICE PRICESRICE PRODUCTIONRICE VARIETIESRICE YIELDSRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ROADSSALESALESSCIENTISTSSEED CERTIFICATIONSEED COMPANIESSEED COMPANYSEED DRILLSSEED PRODUCERSSEED PRODUCTIONSEED TRADESEEDSSHADOW PRICESSMALL FARMERSSOIL FERTILITYSORGHUMSOYBEANSOYBEANSSPREADSUGARCANESUNFLOWERSUNFLOWER SEEDSSUNFLOWERSSUPPLIERSSWEET CORNTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTHE CONSULTATIVE GROUPTILLERSTOMATOESTRADE LIBERALIZATIONUNDPUNEPVEGETABLE SEEDVEGETABLE SEEDSVEGETABLESWHEATWHEAT VARIETIESWHOLESALE TRADEWORLD MARKETSJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/16422