Howse, RobertHoekman, Bernard2012-06-062012-06-062007-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7299An important recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement case for many developing countries concerned European Union exports of sugar. Brazil, Thailand, and Australia alleged that the exports have substantially exceeded permitted levels as established by European Union commitments in the WTO. This case had major implications for both European Union sugar producers and developing countries that benefited from preferential access to the European Union market. It was also noteworthy in the use of economic arguments by the WTO dispute settlement panel, which held that the excess sugar exports were in part a reflection of illegal de facto cross-subsidization-rents from production that benefited from high support prices being used to cover losses associated with exports of sugar to the world market. Although in principle the economic arguments of the panel could apply to many other policy areas, in practice WTO provisions greatly limit the scope to bring similar arguments for trade in products that are not subject to explicit export subsidy reduction commitments of the type that were made for sugar and other agricultural commodities.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSENCE OF AGREEMENTAD VALOREMADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCEAGREEMENT ON AGRICULTUREAGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIESAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL MARKETSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTUREAPPELLATE BODYAVERAGE VARIABLE COSTSBEET SUGARBENCHMARKCANE SUGARCOMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURECOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGECONSUMERSCONTRACTING PARTIESCOST FUNCTIONSCOUNTERVAILING DUTIESCOUNTERVAILING MEASURESCROSS SUBSIDIZATIONCUSTOMSDISPUTE SETTLEMENTDISPUTE SETTLEMENT PANELDISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURESDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOMESTIC SUPPORTDSBDUE PROCESSEUROPEAN UNIONEXPORTEXPORT COMPETITIONEXPORT COMPETITION COMMITMENTSEXPORT RESTRAINTSEXPORT SALESEXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT SUBSIDYEXPORT SUBSIDY COMMITMENTSEXPORTSFARMERSFINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONFIXED COSTSFREE TRADEGLOBAL EXPORTSGLOBAL WELFAREIMPORTSINTERNAL LAWINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICEINTERNATIONAL LAWINTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTINTERPRETATIVE GUIDANCEJUDGMENTJURISDICTIONLDCSLEGAL INTERPRETATIONSLEGAL PROCEEDINGSLEGAL RIGHTSLEGAL SYSTEMLEGAL SYSTEMSLIBERALIZATIONMARGINAL COSTMARGINAL COST OF PRODUCTIONMARGINAL COSTSMARGINAL REVENUEMARKET ACCESSMULTILATERAL TRADEMULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTSNATIONAL TREATMENTNET EXPORTSNORMAL PROFITSPANEL REPORTPANEL REPORTSPOLICY RESEARCHPRICE LEVELSPRODUCERSPRODUCTION COSTSPROHIBITED SUBSIDYQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSREDUCTION COMMITMENTSRENTSSUBSIDIZATIONSUBSIDIZED EXPORTSSUGARSUGAR BEETSUGAR CANESUGAR INDUSTRYTAXPAYERSTIMBERTOTAL COSTSTOTAL OUTPUTTRADE LAWTRADING SYSTEMTREATIESTREATY INTERPRETATIONURUGUAY ROUNDWAIVER OF RIGHTSWORLD MARKETWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4336