Seiter, Andreas2012-03-192012-03-192010978-0-8213-8386-5https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2468This book discusses the wide range of challenges faced by policy makers in the pharmaceutical sector, presents the current know-how in terms of policy measures, and provides specific examples of policy packages that can be used in defined circumstances, even if one assumes a certain degree of political resistance and capacity limits on the side of the implementing agency. This book focuses on developing countries and tries to address the issues faced by both low- and middle-income countries. The book does not cover the vaccines market and its respective policies because too many differences exist between the markets for vaccines and pharmaceuticals to cover both subsectors in one publication of this type. The book ends with an outlook on how things might evolve in the longer term. It assumes that some form of convergence will take place toward "models that work," thus reducing the fragmentation of policies and enhancing regulatory and economic efficiencies over time-one hopes to the benefit of all stakeholders in the sector and, in particular, those who, as patients, currently do not have reliable access to effective and safe medicines.CC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEACCOUNTABILITYACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMEBIOLOGICALSBRANDBRIBERYBUDGETINGCANCERCAPSULESCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASECENTRAL MEDICAL STORESCHEMISTSCHILD MORTALITYCHRONIC DISEASESCIFCITIZENSCITIZENSHIPCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCLINICAL TRIALSCLINICSCOMMODITIESCOMPETITIVE BIDDINGCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPLICATIONSCONSUMER GROUPSCORRUPTIONDEATH RATESDECISION MAKINGDELIVERY SYSTEMSDEMOCRACYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT GOALSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIABETESDISABILITYDISCRIMINATIONDISSEMINATIONDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSDOMESTIC MANUFACTURERSDONOR FINANCINGDOSAGE FORMSDRUG CONTROLDRUG DONATIONSDRUG INDUSTRYDRUG PRICESDRUGSECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATION SYSTEMSEMERGING MARKETSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONESSENTIAL DRUGSESSENTIAL MEDICINESFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFAVORITISMFIXED COSTSFRAUDFUTURE GROWTHGENERIC DRUGSGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGLOBAL POLICYGMPGOOD GOVERNANCEGOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESGOVERNMENT AGENCIESHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE ACCESSHEALTH CARE PROVIDERSHEALTH CARE REFORMHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH MANAGEMENTHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH POLICIESHEALTH POLICYHEALTH REFORMHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH WORKERSHIGH BLOOD PRESSUREHIVHOME COUNTRIESHOSPITALHOSPITALSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSILLNESSILLNESSESIMMUNIZATIONIMMUNODEFICIENCYIMPORTED DRUGSINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIONINFORMATION SYSTEMSINTERMEDIARIESINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINVENTORYINVENTORY MANAGEMENTLABORATORIESLAWSLEGAL STATUSLIFE EXPECTANCYLOCAL ECONOMYLOCAL MANUFACTURERSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMALARIAMANAGEMENT SYSTEMSMARKET ENTRYMARKETINGMEDICAL EDUCATIONMEDICAL NEEDSMEDICAL SCHOOLMEDICAL SERVICESMEDICAL SPECIALISTSMEDICAL SUPPLIESMEDICINEMEDICINESMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRIES OF HEALTHMINISTRY OF HEALTHMORTALITYNARCOTICSNATIONAL DRUGNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL LEGISLATIONNURSENURSESNUTRITIONOPERATING COSTSPACKAGINGPATIENTPATIENTSPAYMENT TERMSPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPSPHARMACEUTICALPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIESPHARMACEUTICAL EXPENDITUREPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYPHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERSPHARMACEUTICAL MARKETINGPHARMACEUTICAL MARKETSPHARMACEUTICAL POLICIESPHARMACEUTICAL POLICYPHARMACEUTICAL PRICINGPHARMACEUTICAL PRICING POLICIESPHARMACEUTICAL PROCUREMENTPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTSPHARMACEUTICAL REFORMPHARMACEUTICAL REGULATIONPHARMACEUTICAL SECTORPHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLYPHARMACEUTICAL ¸ MANUFACTURERSPHARMACEUTICALSPHARMACIESPHARMACISTSPHARMACOLOGISTSPHARMACYPHYSICIANSPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY GOALSPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL CHANGEPOLITICAL DECISIONPOLITICAL OPPOSITIONPOLITICAL SUPPORTPOOLED PROCUREMENTPRACTITIONERSPRESCRIPTIONSPRICE REGULATIONPRIVATE PHARMACIESPROCUREMENTPROGRESSPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH POLICYPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SUPPORTPURCHASINGPURCHASING POWERQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY CONTROLQUALITY OF CAREQUANTITATIVE DATARATIONAL USE OF DRUGSREFORM EFFORTREGULATORY AGENCIESREGULATORY AUTHORITIESREGULATORY BARRIERSRESPECTRETAILRETAIL PHARMACIESRISK FACTORSRURAL AREASSALESSECURE SUPPLYSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE QUALITYSOCIAL SECURITYSTOCKSSUPPLIERSUPPLIERSSUPPLY CHAINSUPPLY CHAINSTABLETSTECHNICAL CAPACITYTRADE ISSUESTRANSPORTATIONTUBERCULOSISTURNOVERUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSAL ACCESSURBAN POPULATIONUSE OF RESOURCESVACCINESWAREHOUSEWAREHOUSESWHOLESALERSWORKERSWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8386-5