World Bank2013-10-032013-10-032013-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16086This sector note presents the results of the World Bank-led study on the development of a strategy of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt to respond to air quality problems in Greater Cairo. The Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area (GCMA) is the largest urban and industrial center in Egypt, which, in 2009, was ranked eighth among the world's top urban agglomerations. Twenty million people live and work in Greater Cairo, which is surrounded by major heavy industries to the north and the south, including large, as well as small and medium enterprises. As in many megacities in the world, air pollution has been a chronic problem in Greater Cairo. The persistent air quality problem represents a serious hurdle to the competitiveness that is a key to the socioeconomic development of Greater Cairo and therefore the nation. An action plan has prepared for the implementation of the main sectorial policies. This action plan will have to be developed and changed where required because it can only be implemented within a coherent framework of environmental, energy, and economic policies that need to be defined and adopted by the government. Therefore, the action plan, as presented in this report, should be considered as a basis for ongoing discussions with the government. These discussions must, in any case, be continued to support the implementation of the work that has been initiated through this report. The action plan also identifies the entities that should be involved in or responsible for implementing and monitoring specific activities.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENT COSTSAIRAIR POLLUTANTAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION CONTROLAIR POLLUTION PROBLEMAIR POLLUTION REDUCTIONAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENTAIR QUALITY STANDARDSAIRPORTAIRPORTSALUMINUMAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR POLLUTIONAMBIENT AIR QUALITYAMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDSAMBIENT CONCENTRATIONSAMMONIUMAMMONIUM NITRATEAMMONIUM SULFATEAPPROACHAROMATIC HYDROCARBONSBALANCEBENZENEBIOGASBUSBUSESCALCULATIONCANCERCARCAR MANUFACTURERSCARBONCARBON EMISSIONSCARSCEMENTCEMENT INDUSTRYCHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCHEMICAL INDUSTRIESCHEMICAL SUBSTANCESCHEMICALSCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEANER FUELSCLIMATECOCO2COMBUSTIONCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMPOSTCOMPOSTINGCONTINUOUS MONITORINGCOST BENEFIT ANALYSISCOST EFFECTIVENESSCOST OF TRAFFICCROP RESIDUEDAILY TRIPSDIESELDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDISABILITIESDISPERSION MODELINGDRIVERSDUSTECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONEMISSION ABATEMENTEMISSION CONTROLEMISSION FACTORSEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REGULATIONSEMISSION REQUIREMENTSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY POLICYENERGY SOURCESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATIONENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONSEXHAUST EMISSIONSEXPENDITURESFARE INCREASESFERTILIZERSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFREE GASOLINEFUELFUEL CELLSFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTSFUEL OILFUEL PRICESFUEL SUBSIDIESFUEL TYPEFUEL USEFUELSGAS SECTORGHGGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHAZARDOUS WASTEHEAVY FUEL OILHEAVY INDUSTRYHIGH ENERGYHIGHWAYHIGHWAY NETWORKHIGHWAYSHYBRID CARSHYDROCARBONSIMPROVEMENT IN FUEL EFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTS IN FUEL EFFICIENCYINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINSPECTIONINTERNATIONAL AIRPORTINTERNATIONAL AIRPORTSIRONLAND-USE PLANNINGLANDFILLSLOCAL AIR QUALITYLORRIESMASS TRANSITMASS TRANSIT SYSTEMMOBILITYMODE OF TRANSPORTMOTORWAYSNATIONAL AIR QUALITY STRATEGYNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESNEIGHBORHOODSNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDESNO2NOISENOISE EXPOSURENOISE POLLUTIONNOXNUCLEAR ENERGYO3OIL EQUIVALENTOILSOPEN BURNINGOPEN DUMPSOZONEOZONE CONCENTRATIONPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATESPASSENGERSPASSENGERS PER DAYPERSONAL VEHICLESPETROCHEMICALSPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPM10POLLUTION ABATEMENTPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION LOADPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPOWERPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANTSPOWER SECTORSPRESENT VALUEPRIVATE VEHICLEPRIVATE VEHICLESPRODUCERSPRODUCTION PROCESSESPUBLIC PARTICIPATIONPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC VEHICLESRECYCLINGRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRICE STRAWRING ROADRING ROADSROADROAD FACILITIESROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD NETWORKROAD SPACESANITARY LANDFILLSSMOKESO2SOLID WASTESSOXSPEEDSSTORMSSTREETSSULFURSULFUR OXIDESSULPHURSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTAXISTEMPERATURETOLLTOLL ROADTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTIONTRANSPORTTRANSPORT MANAGEMENTTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT STRATEGYTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRAVEL SPEEDTRUCKSUNDERGROUNDURBAN MOTORWAYURBAN TRANSPORTVEHICLEVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLESVEHICULAR TRAFFICVOCVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSWASTE DISPOSALWASTE MANAGEMENTWINDWIND ENERGYWorld Bank10.1596/16086