World Bank2014-04-212014-04-212010-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17933In 2009, Lebanon spent 1.8 percent of Gross domestic product (GDP) on public education. In the same year, as a percentage of total government expenditure, Lebanon spent 7.2 percent on education. An important challenge for Lebanon is that its best-trained people migrate abroad or have to face low rates of return to schooling domestically. Lebanon is experiencing an over-supply of teachers, which provides an opportunity to be more selective and raise the bar for entering teachers. While some neighboring countries only screen teacher candidates based on test scores in the secondary school leaving examination (West Bank & Gaza, Jordan, and Yemen), applicants for teacher education programs in Lebanon are admitted based on two criteria: (i) test scores in the secondary school leaving examination, and (ii) performance in the compulsory entrance examination for teacher education programs. While there are some mechanisms in place to hold teachers accountable, their enforceability is limited. Teachers are offered few financial incentives or opportunities for public recognition to reward strong performance. There is no probationary period prior to awarding open-ended status. While the first years of teaching are among the best available predictors of a teacher's performance later on in their career, Lebanon does not use this period to weed out the lowest-performing teachers. Once a teacher has an open-ended appointment, weak results in the performance evaluation process may not be used to dismiss ineffective teachers. In fact, based on the evaluation process, it appears to be difficult to identify low-performers and high performers. Lebanon may look to the experience of other countries in setting policies to remove chronically low-performing teachers. The benefits of doing so are twofold: first, such mechanisms protect students from the detrimental and lasting effects of having poor teachers; and second, they can give teachers a clear incentive to work hard in order to avoid them.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISMACADEMIC CONTENTACCREDITATIONASSESSING TEACHER PERFORMANCEASSESSMENT SYSTEMAVERAGE PRIMARY STUDENT-TEACHER RATIOAVERAGE STUDENT-TEACHER RATIOBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC EDUCATION LEVELBIRTHS PER WOMANCAREERCAREER OPPORTUNITIESCAREERSCERTIFIED TEACHERSCITIZENSHIP EDUCATIONCIVIL SERVICECLASS TEACHINGCLASSROOMCLASSROOM TIMECLASSROOMSCURRICULUMCURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION POLICIESEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SECTOR DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION STRATEGYEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIESEDUCATIONAL LEVELSEFFECTIVE TEACHINGEMPLOYMENTENROLLMENTENROLLMENT RATESENROLLMENT RATIOSENROLLMENT RATIOS OF GIRLSENTRANCE EXAMINATIONEQUITY IN EDUCATIONGENDER PARITYGIRLSGLOBAL EDUCATIONGRADINGHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER LEARNINGHOMEWORKINCENTIVES FOR TEACHERSINDEPENDENT SCHOOLSINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIESKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYLABOR FORCELEADERSHIPLEARNINGLEARNING ENVIRONMENTSLEARNING OUTCOMESLESSON PLANNINGLITERACYLOCAL EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIESLOWER SECONDARYLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL ASSESSMENTNATIONAL ASSESSMENTSNATIONAL CURRICULUMNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIESNUMBER OF STUDENTSNUMBER OF TEACHERSNUMERACYOVERSUPPLY OF TEACHERSPARTICIPATION RATESPEDAGOGYPRESERVICE TRAININGPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY LEVELPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTPRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERSPRIMARY STUDENTPRIVATE SCHOOLSPROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERSPUBLIC SCHOOLSQUALIFIED PROFESSIONALSQUALIFIED TEACHERSQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATES OF RETURNRATIOS OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN PRIMARYREFUGEESREGULAR TEACHERSRESOURCE CENTERSRURAL AREASSALARY INCREASESSCHOOL CURRICULUMSCHOOL DAYSCHOOL DAYSSCHOOL HOURSSCHOOL LEAVING EXAMINATIONSCHOOL MANAGEMENTSCHOOL NETWORKSSCHOOL PRINCIPALSSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOL STAFFSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOL TEACHINGSCHOOL YEARSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERSSECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE TRAININGSKILLED TEACHERSSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ENROLLMENTSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT OUTCOMESSTUDENT PERFORMANCESTUDENT POPULATIONSSTUDENT-TEACHER RATIOSSUBJECT AREASSUBJECT MATTERSUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGESUBJECT MATTER MASTERYSUBJECT-MATTER KNOWLEDGESUBJECTSTEACHERTEACHER CANDIDATESTEACHER CERTIFICATIONTEACHER DEVELOPMENTTEACHER EDUCATIONTEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSTEACHER EVALUATIONTEACHER EVALUATIONSTEACHER HIRINGTEACHER KNOWLEDGETEACHER MANAGEMENTTEACHER PERFORMANCETEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTTEACHER QUALITYTEACHER RECRUITMENTTEACHER SALARIESTEACHER SHORTAGESTEACHER SUPPORTTEACHER TRAININGTEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMSTEACHER UNIONSTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING EXPERIENCETEACHING FORCETEACHING METHODSTEACHING QUALITYTERTIARY EDUCATIONTEST SCORESTEXTBOOKSTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING PROGRAMSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNIVERSITY DEGREEUNIVERSITY GRADUATESYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTH10.1596/17933