Holzmann, RobertKoettl, Johannes2017-06-272017-06-272011-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27338Portability of social benefits across professions and countries is an increasing concern for individuals and policy makers. Lacking or incomplete transfers of acquired social rights are feared to negatively impact individual labor market decisions as well as capacity to address social risks with consequences for economic and social outcomes. The paper gives a fresh and provocative look on the international perspective of the topic that has so far been dominated by social policy lawyers working within the framework of bilateral agreements; the input by economists has been very limited. It offers an analytical framework for portability analysis that suggests separating the risk pooling, (implicit or actual) pre-funding and redistributive elements in the benefit design and explores the proposed alternative approach for pensions and health care benefits. This promising approach may serve both as a substitute and complement to bi- and multilateral agreements.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCRUAL RATEACCRUAL RATESACCUMULATED SAVINGSADVOCACYAGINGANNUITYARBITRAGEARMED CONFLICTSBASIC HEALTH CAREBASIC PENSIONBASIC PENSIONSBENEFICIARYBENEFIT FORMULABENEFIT LEVELBENEFIT LEVELSBENEFIT PAYMENTBENEFIT SCHEMESBONDSBUDGET CONSTRAINTCAPITAL MARKETCASH TRANSFERSCENSUSESCHILD CARECITIZENCOLLATERALCOMPENSATIONCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCONTRIBUTION COLLECTIONCONTRIBUTION PAYMENTSCONTRIBUTION PERIODCONTRIBUTION PERIODSCONTRIBUTION RATECONTRIBUTION RATESCOURTDEBTDEBT INSTRUMENTSDEFINED BENEFITDEFINED BENEFIT SCHEMEDEFINED CONTRIBUTION SYSTEMSDEFINED CONTRIBUTIONSDISABILITYDISABILITY PENSIONSDISBURSEMENTDISCRIMINATIONDISEASESDIVORCESDOMINANCEECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONELDERLYEUEU DIRECTIVEEU DIRECTIVESEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURESEXTENDED FAMILYFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFINANCIAL ASSETSFINANCIAL CAPITALFLAT RATE CONTRIBUTIONSFUNDED SCHEMESFUTURE PENSIONGLOBAL COMMISSIONGLOBALIZATIONHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CARE SYSTEMSHEALTH RISKSHEALTH WORKERSHOMEHOME COUNTRIESHOST COUNTRIESHOST COUNTRYHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RIGHTSILLEGAL MIGRANTSIMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION POLICYIMPLICIT TAXINCOME LEVELINCOME LEVELSINDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTINDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTSINFORMAL SECTORINSTRUMENTINSURANCE PREMIUMINSURANCE SCHEMESINTEREST RATEINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONSINTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTSINTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL MOBILITYINTERNATIONAL SWAPINVENTORYJUSTICELABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRANTSLABOR SUPPLYLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGISLATIONLIABILITYLIFETIME EARNINGSLONG-TERM CARELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET FAILUREMIGRANTMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION FLOWSMIGRATION FOR EMPLOYMENTMIGRATION ISSUESMINIMUM BENEFITMINIMUM BENEFIT GUARANTEESMINIMUM INCOMEMORAL HAZARDSMORBIDITYMORTALITYMULTILATERAL AGREEMENTSMULTILATERAL ARRANGEMENTSNATIONAL LEGISLATIONNATIONAL PENSIONNATIONALSNUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSOCCUPATIONAL PENSIONSOCCUPATIONAL SCHEMESOLD AGEOLD-AGEOLD-AGE PENSIONOLD-AGE PENSIONSPENSIONPENSION AT RETIREMENTPENSION BENEFITPENSION BENEFITSPENSION CONTRIBUTIONPENSION CONTRIBUTIONSPENSION FRAMEWORKPENSION REFORMSPENSION RIGHTSPENSION SCHEMEPENSION SCHEMESPENSION SERVICEPENSION SYSTEMPENSION SYSTEMSPENSIONERSPENSIONSPERSONAL INCOMEPILLAR BENEFITPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY MAKERSPROGRESSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC PENSIONPURCHASING POWERRATES OF RETURNREGIONAL AGREEMENTSREMITTANCEREMITTANCESREPAYMENTRESERVERESERVE FUNDRESERVESRESPECTRETIREERETIREESRETIREMENTRETIREMENT ACCOUNTRETIREMENT AGERETIREMENT DECISIONSRETIREMENT INCOMERETIREMENT INCOME PROVISIONSRETIREMENT PENSIONSRETURNRETURNSRISK CONTROLRISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESRISK POOLINGRISK PROFILERISK PROFILESSAVINGS ACCOUNTSECURITY AGREEMENTSSERVICE PROVIDERSERVICE PROVIDERSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITSSOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMSSOCIAL PENSIONSOCIAL PENSIONSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROGRAMSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITSSOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMSOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SERVICES FOR MIGRANTSSOLVENCYSTOCKSSUPPLEMENTARY PENSIONSUPPLEMENTARY PENSIONSTAXTAX DEDUCTIONTAX FINANCINGTAX RATESTAX TREATMENTTEMPORARY MIGRANTSUNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTSUNDOCUMENTED MIGRATIONUNEMPLOYMENTVOLUNTARY PENSIONSWELFARE STATEWILLWORK FORCEWORKERSWORLD POPULATIONYOUNG AGEWorking PaperWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/27338