Costa, RitaRijkers, Bob2012-06-292012-06-292012-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9353Despite their increasing prominence in policy debates, little is known about gender inequities in non-agricultural labor market outcomes in rural areas. Using matched household-enterprise-community data sets from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, this paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the individual portfolio choice and productivity of non-farm entrepreneurship. Except for Ethiopia, women are less likely than men to become nonfarm entrepreneurs. Women's nonfarm entrepreneurship isn't strongly correlated with household composition or educational attainment, but is especially prevalent amongst women who are the head of their household. Female-led firms are much smaller and less productive on average, though gender differences in productivity vary dramatically across countries. Mean differences in log output per worker suggest that male firms are roughly 10 times as productive as female firms in Bangladesh, three times as those in Ethiopia and twice as those in Sri Lanka. By contrast, no significant differences in labor productivity were detected in Indonesia. Differences in output per worker are overwhelmingly accounted for by sorting by sector and size. They can't be explained by differences in capital intensity, human capital or the local investment climate, nor by increasing returns to scale.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CAPITALACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO FINANCEADOLESCENT FERTILITYADULT LITERACYADULT WOMENADVISORY SERVICESAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENTAGRICULTUREAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBUSINESS CREDIT MARKETBUSINESS ECONOMICSBUSINESS ORGANIZATIONCAPITAL ACCOUNTCAPITAL STOCKCARTELCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY SURVEYSCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECREDIT INSTITUTIONCREDIT PROVIDERSCULTURAL CHANGECULTURAL NORMSDECISION MAKINGDESCRIPTIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISCRIMINATIONDISTRICTSDIVERSIFICATIONEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC PROSPERITYECONOMIC RESEARCHEDUCATED MENEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEFFECTS OF GENDERELDERLYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYEREMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENDOWMENTSENGEL CURVESENTREPRENEURSEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURESFAMILIESFAMILY FARMFARM ENTERPRISEFARM ENTERPRISESFARMERFEDERAL RESERVEFEMALEFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIPFEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDSFEMALE LABORFEMALE LIFE EXPECTANCYFIGHT AGAINST POVERTYFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONFOOD SECURITYGDPGDP PER CAPITAGENDERGENDER ASYMMETRIESGENDER DIFFERENCEGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIMENSIONSGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUITYGENDER GAPSGENDER IMPACTGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER INEQUITIESGENDER NORMSGENDER PARITYGENDER RELATIONSGENDER SEGREGATIONGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGROUP OF FIRMSHEAD OF HOUSEHOLDHEALTH SERVICESHOTELSHOUSEHOLD CHORESHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONHOUSEHOLD ECONOMYHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESHUSBANDSINCREASING RETURNSINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALEINFORMATION ON ENTERPRISEINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEJOB CREATIONLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR FORCE SURVEYSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLABOUR OFFICELAND RIGHTSLEASINGLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE EXPECTANCYMACROECONOMICSMARITAL STATUSMARRIED COUPLESMATERNAL MORTALITYMICROFINANCEMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF PEOPLENUMBER OF WORKERSNUTRITIONOBSTACLES TO GROWTHOCCUPATIONOLD AGEOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENOPPORTUNITY COSTPHYSICAL CAPITALPHYSICAL INTEGRITYPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOPULATION DENSITYPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTION FUNCTIONSPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROFITABILITYPROGRESSPROPORTION OF WOMENREAL ESTATERENTINGRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRURAL AREARURAL AREASRURAL BANKRURAL BUSINESSRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ECONOMYRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYSELF EMPLOYMENTSELF-EMPLOYMENTSHOPSSMALL BUSINESSSMALL BUSINESS CREDITSMALL BUSINESS LOANSMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL INSTITUTIONSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESSON PREFERENCESOURCE OF INCOMESPOUSETAXATIONTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRANSPORTATIONUNDPURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POVERTYURBANIZATIONVALUE ADDEDVILLAGEVILLAGE LEVELWAGE RATESWAGESWATER SUPPLYWDRWEALTHWIDOWSWOMEN BUSINESS OWNERSWOMEN ENTREPRENEURSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6066